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A+P > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

general components of the skeletal system (4)

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, other connective tissues

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2
Q

ligaments vs. tendons

A

ligaments - connect bone to bone

tendons - connect muscle to bone

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3
Q

what is bone?

A

primary organs of the skeletal system

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4
Q

function of bone?

A

forms the rigid framework of the body and perform other functions

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5
Q

two types of bone

A

compact bone and spongy bone

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6
Q

compact bone

A

dense, cortical bone; 80% of bone mass

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7
Q

spongy bone

A

cancellous, trabecular bone; internal to compact bone; porous appearance; makes 20% of bone mass

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8
Q

cartilage

A

semirigid connective tissue that is more flexible than bone

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9
Q

two types of cartilage associated with the skeletal system?

A

hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage

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10
Q

costal cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage that attaches ribs to sternum

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11
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage covering the end of the bone

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12
Q

epiphyseal plates

A

hyaline cartilage within growth plates

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13
Q

fibrocartilage

A

weight bearing cartilage that withstands compression

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14
Q

what does fibrocartilage form?

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci

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15
Q

menisci

A

cartilage pads of knee joints

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16
Q

pubic symphysis

A

cartilage between pelvic bones

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17
Q

general functions of bone (4)

A

support and protection, levers for movement, hematopoiesis, storage of mineral/energy reserves

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18
Q

how do bones provide support and protection?

A

structural support; serves as framework for the whole body

bones also protect delicate tissues and organs from injury and trauma

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19
Q

how do bones serve as levers for movement?

A

skeletal muscle attached to bone contract and exert a pull on the skeleton, which then functions as a system of levers

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20
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

process of blood cell production

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21
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

within the red bone marrow connective tissue

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22
Q

what does the red bone marrow connective tissue contain that helps support blood cell synthesis?

A

stem cells that form blood cells and platelets

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23
Q

what minerals are stored within/released from bone?

A

calcium and phosphate

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24
Q

what is calcium?

A

essential mineral for body functions such as muscle contraction, blood clotting, and neurotransmitter release from nerve cells

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25
Q

what is phosphate?

A

structural component of ATP, other nucleotides, and phospholipids

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26
Q

long bones

A

length > width

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27
Q

examples of long bones

A

fingers/toes, femur, tibia, fibula

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28
Q

short bones

A

length = width

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29
Q

examples of short bones

A

carpals/tarsals, sesamoid bones (sesame seed-shaped bones along tendons of muscles)

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30
Q

flat bones

A

flat, thin slices that may have slight curve

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31
Q

examples of flat bones

A

roof of skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs

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32
Q

irregular bones

A

elaborate, complex shaped bones

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33
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae/hip bones, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla

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34
Q

long bone regions (7)

A

diaphysis
medullary cavity
epiphysis (proximal/distal)
metaphysis
epiphysial plate/line
periosteum
endosteum

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35
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of the long bone

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36
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow space within the diaphysis

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37
Q

epiphysis

A

end(s) of the long bone

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38
Q

metaphysis

A

between diaphysis and epiphysis

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39
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

hyaline cartilage providing for lengthwise growth of bone

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40
Q

periosteum

A

bone covering; covers outer surface of bone except for articulated cartilage

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41
Q

endosteum

A

bone lining; thin layer of connective tissue containing osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

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42
Q

what is the diaphysis composed of?

A

mostly compact bone, however a thin layer of spongy bone extends inward

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43
Q

what does the medullary cavity contain?

A

bone marrow

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44
Q

proximal vs. distal epiphysis

A

proximal - the end closest to the trunk
distal - the end farthest from the trunk

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45
Q

what is the epiphysis composed of?

A

thinner compact bone; more abundant in spongy bone and covered with articular cartilage

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46
Q

what function does the metaphysis provide?

A

transferring forces between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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47
Q

where is the epiphyseal plate located?

A

within the metaphysis

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48
Q

what does the epiphyseal plate become in adults?

A

epiphyseal line
(how? cartilage turns into bone, and can no longer grow in length)

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49
Q

what is the outer layer of the periosteum composed of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue
(blood vessels and nerves too, and is the site of tendon/ligament attachment)

50
Q

what is the inner layer of the periosteum composed of?

A

(aka cellular layer) osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

51
Q

what growth type is the periosteum responsible for?

A

bone width

52
Q

how is the periosteum anchored to bone?

A

by perforating fibers which run perpendicular to diaphysis

53
Q

what does the endosteum cover?

A

all internal surfaces within the medullary cavity

54
Q

anatomy of other bone classes? (not as complex as bone)

A

external surfaces are compact bone covered by periosteum; no medullary cavity

55
Q

what is the interior of other bone classes aside from long bone?

A

spongy bone
(within flat bones? diploe)

56
Q

is spongy bone vascular or avascular?

A

highly vascular; vessels enter from periosteum

57
Q

small openings/holes in bones

A

nutrient foramens

58
Q

function of nutrient foramens?

A

allows for arteries and veins to pass through, including nerves

59
Q

bone marrow

A

softer connective tissue

60
Q

function of red bone marrow

A

forms red blood cells

61
Q

where can you find red bone marrow in children?

A

in medullary cavity + spongy bone of long bones

62
Q

where can you find red bone marrow in adults?

A

select areas; skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, coxal bones, proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

63
Q

how is yellow bone marrow formed?

A

red bone marrow degenerates over life span; no longer functions in blood cell production

64
Q

what is a characteristic of yellow bone marrow?

A

yellow bone marrow is fatty (composed of adipose)

65
Q

osteoid

A

semisolid organic form of bone matrix

66
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells derived from mesenchyme; divides and becomes “committed” cells, in which then they mature into osteoblasts

67
Q

location of osteoprogenitor cells?

A

found in periosteum and endosteum

68
Q

osteoblasts

A

synthesize + create osteoid that will eventually calcify; builds bone

69
Q

what happens when osteoblasts get trapped in the matrix?

A

they become osteocytes

70
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix and detect bone stress

71
Q

what happens if bone stress is detected?

A

osteoblasts are signaled, leading to formation of new bone

72
Q

osteoclasts

A

large, multinuclear, phagocytotic cells that phagocytose bone; breaks down/resorbs bone

73
Q

organic components of bone matrix?

A

osteoid - contains collagen proteins and semisolid ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins

74
Q

characteristics of organic components of the bone matrix

A

resistant to stretch - tensile strength; allows for some flexibility

75
Q

inorganic components of bone matrix?

A

salt crystals made of calcium phosphate

76
Q

what do salt crystals form when they interact with calcium hydroxide?

A

hydroxyapatite crystal

77
Q

when crystals deposit around collagen fibers, what will it do to the matrix?

A

harden the matrix; make it more rigid

78
Q

bone formation

A

occurs when osteoblasts secrete osteoid

79
Q

what occurs during bone formation?

A
  • osteoblasts secrete osteoid
  • calcification occurs
  • hydroxyapatite crystals are deposited into bone matrix
80
Q

what initiates calcification in bone formation?

A

when calcium and phosphate ion concentration is high, thus it “leaks” out of the solution

81
Q

requirements of bone formation

A

vitamin D, vitamin C, calcium, phosphate

82
Q

vitamin D in bone formation

A

better calcium absorption

83
Q

vitamin C in bone formation

A

collagen production

84
Q

calcium and phosphate in bone formation

A

calcification

85
Q

bone resorption

A

osteoclasts release substances that destroy bone matrix; proteolyotic enzymes released from lysosomes

86
Q

osteon

A

small cyndrical structure; basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone

87
Q

osteon will always be parallel to what?

A

to the diaphysis

88
Q

components of osteon

A

central canal
concentric lamellae
osteocytes
canaliculi

89
Q

central canal

A

has blood vessels and nerves

90
Q

concentric lamellae

A

surrounding rings of central canal; orientation of collagen fibers, provides strength and resilience

91
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells found in lacunae; maintain the bone matrix

92
Q

canaliculi

A

interconnecting channels between lacuna; connect lacuna to central canal

93
Q

trabeculae

A

lattice pattern of bone; bone marrow is in spaces, helps bone resist stress

94
Q

hyaline cartilage histology

A

cells within matrix of protein fibers; gel-like ground substance of proteoglycans

95
Q

characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A
  • resilient; flexible
  • avascular
  • high water %
  • no nerves
  • compressible; shock-absorbing
96
Q

chondroblasts

A

produce cartilage matrix

97
Q

what happens when chondroblasts get trapped in the matrix?

A

they mature into chondrocytes

98
Q

two methods of cartilage growth

A

interstitial and appositional

99
Q

interstitial cartilage growth

A

increase in length that occurs within internal regions of cartilage

100
Q

1st step of interstitial growth

A

chondrocytes housed within lacunae are stimulated to undergo mitosis

101
Q

2nd step of interstitial growth

A

(after cell division) two cells occupy single lacuna; now called chondroblasts

102
Q

3rd step of interstitial growth

A

chondroblasts synthesize + secrete cartilage matrix, making them push apart - each cell resides in their own lacuna; now called chondrocytes

103
Q

4th (final) step of interstitial growth

A

cartilage continues to grow within internal regions as chondrocytes produce more matrix

104
Q

appositional growth

A

increase in width along cartilage’s outside edge

105
Q

1st step of appositional growth

A

stem cells within perichondrium begin to divide (perichondrium contains mesenchymal cells too)

106
Q

2nd step of appositional growth

A

new undifferentiated stem cells + committed cells (chondroblasts) form; these chondroblasts are located in the outside of old cartilage and produce/secrete cartilage matrix

107
Q

3rd (final) step of appositional growth

A

chondroblasts push apart and turn into chondrocytes (result of matrix formation), and cartilage continues to grow on periphery as more matrix is produced

108
Q

ossification

A

(a.k.a. osteogenesis) formation and development of bone connective tissue

109
Q

where does ossification begin?

A

in the embryo; continues throughout childhood-adolescence

110
Q

what happens to the skeleton during the 8-12wks of embryonic development?

A

skeleton begins forming thickened condensations of mesenchyme (intramembranous) or hyaline cartilage model of bone (endochondral)

111
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bone growth within a membrane

112
Q

what does intramembranous ossification produce?

A

flat bones of skull, some of the facial bones, central part of clavicle

113
Q

when does intramembranous ossification begin?

A

when mesenchyme becomes thickened/condensed w/ dense supply of blood capillaries

114
Q

step 1/4 of intramembranous ossification

A

ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme beginning @ 8th week of development

115
Q

step 1/4 of intramembranous ossification

A
  • ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme beginning @ 8th week of development
  • some thickened/condensed mesenchyme divide
  • committed cells turn into osteoprogenitor cells; some become osteoblasts and secrete osteoid
  • ossification centers develop within thickened mesenchyme as osteoblast # increases
116
Q

step 2/4 of intramembranous ossification

A
  • osteoid undergoes calcification
  • calcium salts are deposited onto osteoid then crystalize
  • calcification entraps osteoblasts within lacunae in matrix; trapped cells become osteocytes
117
Q

step 3/4 of intramembranous ossification

A
  • woven bone + surrounding periosteum form
  • woven bone = immature/disorganized bone connective tissue (primary bone)
  • later replaced by lamellar bone (secondary bone)
  • mesenchymal cells grow and develop to produce additional osteoblasts; new blood vessels branch from here
  • trabeculae is calcified and becomes spongy bone
118
Q

step 4/4 of intramembranous ossification

A
  • lamellar bone replaces woven bone; compact bone and spongy bone are formed
  • lamellar bone replaces trabeculae of woven bone
  • external: spaces between trabeculae are filled; bone becomes compact
  • internal: spaces between trabeculae are modified; bone becomes spongy
119
Q

endochondral ossification

A

begins with hyaline cartilage model + produces most bones of the skeleton

120
Q

what does endochondral ossification produce?

A

upper/lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, ends of clavicle; long bone development

121
Q

step 1/6 of endochondral ossification

A
  • fetal hyaline cartilage model develops during 8-12ws development
  • chondroblasts secrete cartilage, forming hyaline cartilage
  • chondrocytes are trapped within lacunae, perichondrium surrounds cartilage

A+P (13 decks)

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