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A+P > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

nervous tissue

1
Q

the nervous system is composed of: (4)

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

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2
Q

primary tissue of nervous system

A

nervous tissue

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3
Q

ganglion

A

nerve cell bodies; clusters of neuron cell bodies located along nerves

pleural = ganglia

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4
Q

general functions of nervous system

A

collect, process/evaluate, and initiate response info

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5
Q

what component collects info?

A

receptors

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6
Q

what component processes/evaluates info?

A

brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

what component initiates response?

A

brain and spinal cord and effectors
(brain and spinal cord relay info to effector)

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8
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord
brain - protected/encased in skull
spinal cord - housed/protected within vertebral canal

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9
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves and ganglia
nerves - bundles of axons and neurons
ganglia - part of axon/neuron bundle

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10
Q

sensory nervous system (afferent nervous system)

A

receives sensory information from receptors and to the CNS
(sensory input)

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11
Q

two types of sensory nervous system

A

somatic sensory and visceral sensory

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12
Q

somatic sensory

A

stimuli we are conscious of

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13
Q

example of somatic sensory nervous system

A

5 senses; taste, touch, smell, hearing, vision

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14
Q

visceral sensory

A

stimuli we don’t perceive

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15
Q

motor nervous system (efferent)

A

initiates/transmits motor info from CNS to effectors (motor output)

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16
Q

two types of motor nervous system

A

somatic motor and autonomic motor

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17
Q

somatic motor

A

voluntary signals to voluntary effectors (skeletal muscle)

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18
Q

autonomic motor

A

involuntary signals to involuntary effectors (smooth/cardiac muscles, glands)

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19
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of autonomic motor nervoussystem

A

sympathetic = “fight or flight” ; parasympathetic = “rest and digest”

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20
Q

nerves

A

organs composed of bundles of axons, connective tissue layers, and blood vessels in PNS

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21
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of axons

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22
Q

3 connective tissue wrappings

A

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

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23
Q

epineurium

A

encloses whole nerve (dense irregular CT)

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24
Q

perineurium

A

encloses each fascicle (dense irregular CT)

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25
Q

endoneurium

A

encloses each individual axon (areolar CT)

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26
Q

vascularization of nerves

A

vascularized by extensive network of blood vessels thru epineurium and perineurium

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27
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs; extend from the brain

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28
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs; extend from the spinal cord

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29
Q

sensory nerves

A

contains sensory neurons that send signals towards CNS

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30
Q

motor nerves

A

has motor neurons that send signals away from CNS

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31
Q

mixed nerves

A

has both sensory and motor neurons; most nerves are mixed nerves, and individual axons still transmit only one type of info

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32
Q

5 neuron characteristics

A

excitability - responsive to stimuli
conductivity - propagate electrical signals
secretion - neurons release neurotransmitters
extreme longevity - cell can live throughout lifetime
amitotic - neurons no longer divide p. fetal development

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33
Q

cell body

A

soma

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34
Q

perikaryon

A

plasma membrane around cytoplasm

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35
Q

function of cell body (soma)

A

initiates graded potentials, receive information from dendrites and conducts those signals to axons

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36
Q

what does the cell body contain?

A

nucleus and Nissl bodies

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37
Q

nissl bodies

A

ribosomes and chromatophilic substance

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38
Q

dendrites

A

short branches off cell body that receives input and sends it to cell body; unmyelinated

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39
Q

axon

A

long process off cell body that contacts other neurons, muscle cells, or glands

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40
Q

axoplasm

A

cytoplasm of axon

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41
Q

axolemma

A

membrane of axon

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42
Q

axon terminal

A

end region of axon

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43
Q

synaptic knob

A

contains synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitters

44
Q

cytoskeleton

A

has neurofilaments (intermediate filaments); tensile strength properties

45
Q

two modes of transport

A

anterograde and retrograde

46
Q

anterograde

A

movement away from cell body

47
Q

retrograde

A

movement toward cell body

48
Q

four structural classifications of neurons

A

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, anaxonic

49
Q

multipolar

A

many dendrites, one axon (most common)

50
Q

bipolar

A

one dendrite, one axon (sensory)

51
Q

unipolar

A

one process that splits into two processes; peripheral splits into dendrites, central splits into synaptic knobs

52
Q

anaxonic

A

no axon, only dendrites

53
Q

3 functional classification of neurons

A

sensory, motor, interneurons

54
Q

sensory neurons

A

afferent neurons; input from receptors to CNS (most are unipolar)

55
Q

motor neurons

A

output from CNS to effectors; always multipolar

56
Q

interneurons

A

receive/process/integrate info from many other neurons and communicate between sensory and motor neurons
(within CNS; 99% of neurons)

57
Q

synapses

A

where neurons contact other neurons/effectors

58
Q

chemical

A

more common; presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons + synaptic cleft

59
Q

presynaptic neuron vs postsynaptic

A

presynaptic — produces signal
postsynaptic — receives signal

60
Q

synaptic cleft

A

small gap between presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

61
Q

chemical synapse takes time and causes:

A

synaptic delay

62
Q

neuroglia

A

non-excitable; found in both CNS and PNS; makes half the volume of nervous system

63
Q

neuroglia characteristics

A
  • able to divide
  • protect/nourish neurons
  • critical for normal neural synapse function
  • provide scaffolding for nervous tissue
64
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped; most abundant glial cell in CNS

65
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

form the blood-brain barrier, controls what substances can enter the brain, regulate fluid composition around neurons, structural support for neurons

66
Q

ependymal cells

A

line cavities in the brain/spinal cord (CNS)

67
Q

what plexus are ependymal cells part of?

A

choroid plexus

68
Q

what do ependymal cells produce?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

69
Q

microglia

A

small wandering cells in CNS; phagocytotic cells of immune system; replicate in infection

70
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

large cells w/ slender extensions that wrap around axons of neurons; myelinates/insulates CNS axons

71
Q

satellite cells

A

arranged around neuronal cells in ganglion; PNS

72
Q

neurolemmocytes

A

(aka Schwann cells) elongated, flat cells that ensheath PNS axons w/ myelin

73
Q

myelination

A

process of wrapping axons in myelin

74
Q

what is myelin high in?

A

lipid content

75
Q

where can you find myelin aside from the axon?

A

neurolemmocytes in PNS, oligodendrocytes in CNS

76
Q

pumps

A

helps membrane proteins move against concentration gradient; maintains concentration gradient of membrane

77
Q

two types of pumps

A

sodium-potassium (Na and K+), calcium (Ca2+)

78
Q

channels

A

pores that allow ions to move down concentration gradient; specific for a type of ion

79
Q

leak channel

A

always open; passive

80
Q

chemically-gated channel

A

normally closed; open when transmitter binds

81
Q

voltage-gated channel

A

normally closed; open when membrane charge changes

82
Q

modality-gated channel

A

normally closed; open when specific stimulus is present

83
Q

Ohm’s law

A

neuron activity depends on electrical current

84
Q

current

A

voltage/resistance; movement of charged particles across barrier

85
Q

voltage

A

difference in electrical change between 2 places

86
Q

resistance

A

opposition to movement

87
Q

resistance

A

opposition to movement

88
Q

in a neuron, charged particles are:

A

ions

89
Q

current is generated when:

A

ions diffuse through channels

90
Q

voltage exists due to:

A

unequal ion distribution

91
Q

membrane resists:

A

ion flow (channels opening decrease resistance

92
Q

ions while neurons are at rest

A

ions are unevenly distributed across plasma membrane

93
Q

cytosol has more:

A

K+ (potassium)

94
Q

interstitial fluid has more:

A

Ca2+ (calcium), Cl- (chloride) and Na (sodium)

95
Q

membrane potential

A

electrical charge diff. across membrane; present within neurons at rest

96
Q

graded potential

A

small, short-lived changes in resting membrane potential

97
Q

depolarization vs hyperpolarization

A

depolarize - make less negative (+)

hyperpolarize - make more negative (-)

98
Q

graded potentials in postsynaptic neuron (2)

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) or inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

99
Q

EPSP results in what? what ions enter?

A

depolarization; Na+ (sodium)

100
Q

IPSP results in what? what ions enter/exit?

A

hyperpolarization; K+ exit (potassium leaves) and Cl- entry (chloride entry)

101
Q

K+ diffusion

A

most important factor

102
Q

K+ diffusion out the cell is due to:

A

concentration gradient

103
Q

K+ diffusion out the cell is limited by:

A

electrical gradient

104
Q

threshold

A

minimal voltage change required

105
Q
A

A+P (13 decks)

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