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Chapter 13 Flashcards

the brain!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

1
Q

four main regions of the brain

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

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2
Q

gyri

A

ridges

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3
Q

sulci

A

depressions between ridges

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4
Q

fissures

A

deep sulci

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5
Q

gray matter

A

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

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6
Q

cortex

A

superficial to gray matter

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7
Q

nucleus in gray matter

A

the region of gray matter; cluster of cell bodies

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8
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons

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9
Q

tracts

A

bundles of myelinated axons

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10
Q

neurulation

A

formation of nervous tissue

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11
Q

when does neurulation begin?

A

3rd week of embryonic development

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12
Q

neural tube in the embryo

A

develops into CNS

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13
Q

step 1/3 of neurulation

A

neural plate formation - cells at the neural plate margin will become neural folds

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14
Q

step 2/3 of neurulation

A

tips of folds become neural crest cells; groove deepens, folds rise and “pinch” together

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15
Q

step 3/3 of neurulation

A

neural crest cells separate from neural folds and form other structures

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16
Q

neural tube formation

A

folds meet to form neural tube

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17
Q

neural tube surrounds:

A

neural canal

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18
Q

neuropores

A

openings at the end of neural tubes

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19
Q

when do neuropores close?

A

4th week of embryonic development

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20
Q

three primary vesicles

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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21
Q

prosencephalon

A

forebrain

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22
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain

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23
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain

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24
Q

when do primary vesicles form?

A

late 4th week from the neural tube

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25
Q

secondary vesicles (8)

A

cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
midbrain
pons
cerebellum
medulla oblongata

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26
Q

telencephalon

A

becomes cerebrum

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27
Q

diencephalon

A

becomes thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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28
Q

mesencephalon (2ndary vesicle)

A

becomes midbrain

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29
Q

metencephalon

A

becomes pons and cerebellum

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30
Q

mylencephalon

A

becomes medulla oblongata

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31
Q

anencephaly

A

substantial/complete absence of the brain

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32
Q

spina bifida

A

failure to close caudal part of neural tube

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33
Q

cystica

A

no formation of vertebral arch, have large cyst instea

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34
Q

occults

A

partial defect of bony arch

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35
Q

brain development @ 13-26 weeks

A

telencephalon envelops diencephalon; develops surface folds

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36
Q

brain development @ birth

A

brain fits in cranial cavity; most gyri and sulci are present

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37
Q

ventricles

A

cavities in brain

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38
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

contained within ventricles (CSF) and subarachnoid space; clear/colorless

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39
Q

ventricles are lined with:

A

ependymal cells

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40
Q

four ventricles in the brain

A

2 lateral ventricles in cerebrum (separated by septum pellucidum)
3rd ventricle in diencephalon (connects to lateral ventricles by interventricular septum
4th ventricle between pons and cerebellum (connects to 3rd ventricle by cerebral aqueduct)

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41
Q

septum pellucidum

A

partition between 2 lateral ventricles in cerebrum

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42
Q

interventricular septum

A

connects 3rd ventricle to lateral ventricles

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43
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects 4th ventricle to 3rd ventricle

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44
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects 4th ventricle to 3rd ventricle

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45
Q

which ventricle merges with the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

4th ventricle

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46
Q

functions of CSF

A

buoyancy (reduces brain weight)
protection (liquid cushion)
environmental stability (nutrient/waste transport)

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47
Q

CSF is formed by:

A

choroid plexus within ventricles

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48
Q

CSF drained through:

A

dural venous sinuses

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49
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

regulates what enters interstitial fluid of the brain

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50
Q

less blood-brain barrier in what regions?

A

choroid plexus, hypothalamus and pineal gland

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51
Q

cerebrum

A

origin of all complex intellectual functions

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52
Q

functions of cerebrum

A

intelligence/reasoning
thought/judgment
voluntary control (skeletal muscle)
conscience/senses

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53
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates left/right hemispheres

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54
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects hemispheres

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55
Q

hemispheres of brain

A

left controls right side of body, right controls left

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56
Q

5 lobes of cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

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57
Q

frontal lobe

A

biggest lobe of the brain; anterior to central sulcus

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58
Q

pre central gyrus

A

primary motor cortex of frontal lobe; voluntary movement

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59
Q

functions of cerebrum

A

motor control of muscles (on opposite side)
concentration
verbal communication
decision making
planning
personality

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60
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

responsible complex thought, judgment, personality, planning, deciding (not fully developed in adolescents)

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61
Q

Broca’s area

A

movements for vocalization (left side only)

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62
Q

parietal lobe

A

posterior to central sulcus

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63
Q

post central gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex; for sensory perception

64
Q

functions of parietal lobe

A

general sense; proprioception, touch, pressure, pain, temp reception

(has association areas for identifying the feeling of objects)

65
Q

temporal lobe

A

responsible for hearing and smell

66
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

receives/processes/stores auditory info in temporal lobe

67
Q

auditory association area

A

integrates/interprets sounds in temporal lobe

68
Q

primary olfactory cortex

A

receives/processes/stores odor info

69
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension (left sided only) in temporal lobe

70
Q

occipital lobe

A

backside of brain above cerebellum; vision and visual memories

71
Q

primary visual cortex

A

received/processes/stores visual info

72
Q

visual association areas

A

recognition

73
Q

insula

A

deep to lateral sulcus, cannot be seen on surface (under temporal lobe); taste and memory

74
Q

primary gustatory cortex

A

taste info in insula

75
Q

cerebral white matter

A

myelinated axons grouped into tracts; deep to the cortex

76
Q

association tracts

A

connect regions of the cortex within the same hemisphere

77
Q

arcuate fibers

A

connect close regions within association tracts

78
Q

longitudinal fasciculi

A

connect different lobes

79
Q

commissural tracts

A

connect regions in different hemispheres

80
Q

projection tracts

A

link cortex to the rest of the brain

81
Q

internal capsule

A

between thalamus and cerebrum

82
Q

cerebral lateralization

A

the brain is anatomically asymmetrical

83
Q

left hemisphere

A

categorical; language/analysis

84
Q

right hemisphere

A

representational; imagination/creatiivity, sense comparison

85
Q

cerebral nuclei

A

helps regulate motor output

86
Q

caudate nucleus

A

controls gait pattern of walking

87
Q

lentiform nucleus

A

putamen - subconscious movement
globes pallidus - muscle tone

88
Q
A

consciousness

89
Q

amygdala

A

mood/emotions

90
Q

3 parts of diencephalon (thalamus: keyword)

A

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

91
Q

pineal gland

A

in epithalamus; endocrine gland that secretes melatonin

92
Q

habenular nuclei

A

visceral/emotional responses to odors

93
Q

thalamus

A

“sorting factory”; receives signals from all conscious senses except sense of smell; relays/filters signals and sends to proper cortex regions

94
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls the autonomic nervous and endocrine system, body temp, hunger/thirst, emotional responses (part of limbic system)

95
Q

pituitary gland

A

connects hypothalamus with infundibulum

96
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiration; controlled by hypothalamus

97
Q

hypothalamus to pineal gland

A

directs it to secrete melatonin

98
Q

limbic system

A

controls emotional responses (hypothalamus); pleasure and fear

99
Q

brain stem

A

connects cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to spinal cord

100
Q

ascending tracts

A

going up cerebrum; afferent/sensory info

101
Q

descending tracts

A

going down periphery; efferent/motor

102
Q

three parts of brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

103
Q

midbrain

A

superior part of brain stem inferior to thalamus

104
Q

substantial nigra

A

cluster of cells that appear black due to melanin; houses dopamine-producing neurons

105
Q

texting

A

corpora quadrigemina; superior and inferior colliculi

106
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual reflexes; tracking

107
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory reflexes

108
Q

pons

A

middle part of brain stem anterior to cerebellum

109
Q

pontine respiratory center

A

controls skeletal muscles of breathing (inner costal muscles, diaphragm)

110
Q

superior olivary nuclei

A

localizing sound

111
Q

medulla oblongata

A

inferior part of brain stem; connects to spinal cord

112
Q

pyramids

A

in medulla oblongata motor control

113
Q

olives

A

in medulla oblongata; proprioception relays from cerebellum

114
Q

cardiovascular center

A

cardiac and vasomotor center

115
Q

cardiac center

A

regulates heart output

116
Q

vasomotor center

A

regulates blood vessel diameter

117
Q

medullary respiratory center

A

controls breathing rate

118
Q

cerebellum

A

left/right hemisphere

119
Q

three regions of cerebellum

A

cortex, arbor vitae, deep nuclei

120
Q

cortex (cerebellum)

A

outer gray matter

121
Q

arbor vitae

A

internal white matter

122
Q

deep nuclei

A

gray matter

123
Q

cerebellar penducles connect cerebellum to brain stem

A

connect cerebellum to brain stem

124
Q

cerebellum functions

A

fine-tunes movement
ensures proper muscle activity patterns
muscle memory
equilibrium/posture
adjust motions to smoothness
motor plans/sensory feedback

125
Q

vermis

A

connects two hemispheres of cerebellum

126
Q

limbic system

A

emotional brain; processes/experiences emotions

127
Q

hippocampus

A

forms long term memories (limbic)

128
Q

amygdala

A

(limbic) emotion and memory; especially fear

129
Q

olfactory components of limbic system

A

odors can produce emotions

130
Q

reticular formation

A

loosely organized gray matter of brain stem; regulates muscle tone

131
Q

reticular activating system

A

processes sensory info, sends signals to cortex about alertness

132
Q

sleep

A

natural, temporary absences of consciousness; vital brain stems maintained

133
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement

134
Q

non-REM sleep

A

growth, rest, energy conservation, strength renewal (75%)

135
Q

REM sleep

A

eyes move; brain is active - memorable dreaming, consolidating memories (25%)

136
Q

cognition

A

mental processes of awareness, knowledge, memory, perception, thinking

137
Q

frontal lobe abnormality

A

personality, planning, decision making is altered

138
Q

primary somatosensory cortex damage

A

loss of sensation awareness on opposite side of body

139
Q

agnosia

A

cannot recognize stimuli meaning; sensation lost depends on lesion location

140
Q

sensory memory

A

associations based on sensory input; few seconds

141
Q

short term memory

A

limited capacity; bits of info; seconds to hours

142
Q

long term memory

A

encoded from short term memory through repetition; lasts indefinitely, but can be lost if not occasionally retrieved

143
Q

Wernicke’s area vs Broca’s area

A

Wernicke’s - language interpretation
Broca’s - language initiation

144
Q

primary motor cortex

A

signals motor neurons to produce speech

145
Q

protection of the brain

A

bones of skull, meninges, CSF, blood-brain barrier

146
Q

three consecutive tissue layers of meninges

A

pia mater (deep), arachnoid mater, dura mater (superficial)

147
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer; directly on brain surface - thin areolar CT

148
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer; web of collagen/elastic fibers

(think spider webs! arachnid = spider)

149
Q

subarachnoid space

A

deep to arachnoid mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid

150
Q

subdural space

A

superficial to arachnoid mater, potential space

151
Q

dura mater

A

thick, outer membrane; dense irregular CT

152
Q

epidural space

A

superficial to dura mater, potential space

153
Q

dural septa

A

dura mater sheets extend into cranial cavity; form partitions

154
Q

falx cerebri

A

midline in cerebrum within longitudinal fissure; contains superior/inferior sagittal sinuses

155
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

tent over cerebellum; contains transverse and straight sinus

156
Q

falx cerebelli

A

midline in cerebellum; contains occipital sinus

157
Q

diaphragma sellae

A

small roof over sella turcica

A+P (14 decks)

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