Chapter 1 Flashcards
terminology; anatomy language
Describe the anatomical position
- standing upright
- feet parallel + flat on the floor
- arms on either side of the body; palms facing forward
- head level and eyes forward
Prone vs. supine
Prone: lying down facing down
Supine: lying down facing up
Section vs. plane
Section: “actual” cut
Plane: imaginary
(Can be thru the body or just part of the body)
Coronal plane (frontal plane)
Creates anterior and posterior parts (front and back)
Transverse plane (horizontal/cross-sectional plane)
Creates superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
Midsagittal plane (median plane)
Creates equal left and right halves
Sagittal plane (parasagittal plane)
Creates unequal left and right parts
(Cannot be “median” plane)
Oblique plane
Minor plane; goes thru at an angle
Anterior
Front
Posterior
Back
Ventral
Front/belly
Dorsal
Back
Superior
Top
Inferior
Bottom
Cranial/cephalic
Towards the head
Caudal
Away from head
Medial
Towards midline
Lateral
Away from midline
Deep
away from surface
Superficial
towards the surface
Proximal
closer to attachment point
Distal
farther from attachment point
Two main regions
Axial region
Appendicular region
Axial region
Head, neck, trunk
Appendicular region
Upper/lower limbs and their attachments to the axial region
Cephalic region (head) (6)
- cranial
- facial
- buccal
- orbital
- oral
- mental
Cranial
Top of the head; brain
Facial
Face
Buccal
cheek
Orbital
Eyes
Oral
Mouth
Mental
Chin
Cervical region (neck) (3)
- thoracic
- mammary
- axillary
Thoracic
The whole upper torso
Mammary
Breast
Axillary
Under arm
Abdominal region
The lower torso
Pelvic region (below hip bones) (2)
Inguinal and pubic
Inguinal
Groin (inner pelvis)
Pubic
Front of pelvis (above external genitalia)
Dorsum (whole back) (3)
- lumbar
- gluteal
- scapular
Lumbar
Lower back
Gluteal
Buttock(s)
Scapular
Upper back (shoulder blades; scapula)
Upper extremity (arm) (8)
- brachial
- antecubital
- antebrachial
- olecranal
- carpal
- palmar
- digital
- pollex
Brachial
Upper arm
Antecubital
Middle of arm; front of elbow
Antebrachial
Forearm
Olecranal
Elbow
Carpal
Wrist
Palmar
Palm
Digital
Finger(s)
Pollex
Thumb
Lower extremity (leg) (8)
- femoral
- patellar
- pedal
- tarsal
- hallux
- popliteal
- plantar
Femoral
Thigh
Patellar
Knee
Pedal
Feet
Tarsal
Ankle
Hallux
Big toe
Popliteal
Back of knee
Calcaneal
Back of heel
Plantar
Bottom of foot
Organs are located in enclosed spaces called
Cavities
Posterior cavities are…
completely enclosed in bone
Ventral cavity is…
Larger and not completely enclosed in bone
** also lined with *serous membranes
Serous membranes
Consists of two layers; parietal and visceral
Parietal layer
Lines internal surface of the body wall
Visceral layer
Lines the external surface of the organs within the cavity
Serous cavity
“Potential” space between the two layers of the serous membrane
(Under abnormal conditions, the space can expand)
Serous fluid
Oil-like lubricant within the serous cavity
Subdivisions of dorsal body cavity (posterior body cavity)
- Cranial cavity - formed by the bones of cranium (endocranium)
- Spinal (vertebral) cavity - formed by bones of vertebral column; contains spinal cord
Ventral cavity
Larger, anteriorly placed cavity in the body
its subdivisions are not encased in bone
Subdivisions of ventral cavity (2)
- Thoracic cavity - superior to abdominopelvic cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity - inferior to thoracic cavity
What partitions the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity?
The thoracic diaphragm
Thoracic cavity (2)
Mediastinum and pleural cavities
Mediastinum
Space between lungs; contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart
Serous pericardium
Two-layer serous membrane that encloses the heart within the mediastinum
Layers of serous pericardium
Parietal pericardium: outer layer of membrane; forms inner lining
Visceral pericardium: covers the heart’s external surface
Pericardial cavity
Serous cavity between the two layers that contains serous fluid
Serous pleura
Serous membrane that encloses the lungs
Parietal pleura
Outer layer of membrane; internal surface of thoracic wall
Visceral pleura
Inner layer of membrane; covers external surface of each lung
Pleural cavity
Serous cavity between visceral and parietal pleura
Abdominopelvic cavity (2)
- Abdominal cavity - contains most of digestive organs, kidneys, most of ureters
- Pelvic cavity - contains distal large intestine, rest of ureters, urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs
Peritoneum
Two-layered serous membrane associated with the abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal peritoneum
Outer layer; lines internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral peritoneum
Inner layer; covers external surface of most abdominal and pelvic organs
Peritoneal cavity
The serous cavity of the peritoneum that contains serous fluid
Abdominopelvic regions (9)
Top row: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac
Middle row: right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
Bottom row: right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
Four abdominal quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
The liver is located mostly in what abdominal quadrant?
Right upper quadrant
What abdominal region is the urinary bladder located?
Hypogastric region
