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A+P > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

four major types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

tissue

A

groups of similar cells (and extracellular material) that work together to form common functions

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3
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

anything in the tissue that isn’t a cell

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4
Q

epithelial

A

composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells; little to no ECM; covers/lines things and forms glands

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5
Q

connective

A

composed of cells, proteins, fibers, ground substance; binds, supports and protects

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6
Q

muscle

A

contains contractile proteins; moves the skeleton/organs

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7
Q

nervous

A

contains neurons and glial cells; transmits impulses, processes information

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8
Q

common characteristics of epithelia

A
  • mostly cells, minimal ECM
  • avascular
  • extensively innervated
  • able to regenerate
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9
Q

lumen

A

central cavity or open space within an organ

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10
Q

apical surface

A

surface of epithelial cell facing lumen or external environment

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11
Q

basement membrane

A

aids in attaching epithelial tissue; formed by underlying connective tissue

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12
Q

basal surface

A

surface of epithelial cell facing the basement membrane

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13
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A
  • physical protection
  • selective permeability
  • secretions and sensations
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14
Q

simple epithelium

A

one layer of cells; all epithelial cells are in contact with basement membrane

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15
Q

where is simple epithelia found?

A
  • where stress is minimal
  • where filtration/absorption/secretion is primary function
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16
Q

stratified epithelium

A

contains two or more layers of epithelial cells; basal layer of cells is in contact with basement membrane

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17
Q

functions of stratified epithelium

A
  • structural support
  • better protection for underlying tissue
  • cells in basal layer regenerate as cells in apical layer are lost due to abrasion
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18
Q

cell shapes of epithelial cells and their appearance?

A
  • squamous; flat
  • cuboidal; square-like with round nucleus (may sometimes appear circular)
  • columnar; rectangular with elongated nucleus
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19
Q

transitional cells

A

can easily change their shape from polyhedral to more flattened depending on the degree to which the epithelium is stretched

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20
Q

pseudostratified

A

appears to have more than one layer, but all cells are connected to the basement membrane as one layer

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21
Q

structure of simple squamous epithelium?

A

single layer, flat cells; nucleus bulges at center

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22
Q

function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

rapid diffusion and filtration; secretion in serous membranes

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23
Q

location(s) of simple squamous epithelium?

A

alveoli, lining of lumen of blood/lymph vessels (endothelium), serous membranes of body cavities (mesothelium)

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24
Q

structure of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

single layer, cells are square/rounded; spherical and centrally located nucleus

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25
Q

function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

absorption and secretion; forms secretory tissue of most glands and small ducts

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26
Q

location(s) of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

lining of kidney tubules, thyroid gland follicles, surface of ovary, secretory regions and ducts of most exocrine glands

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27
Q

structure of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

single layer, nonciliated rectangular cells with oval nucleus
(may contain microvilli and goblet cells)

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28
Q

function of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

absorption and secretion

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29
Q

location(s) of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

lining of most of digestive tract; stomach, small intestine, large intestine (gastrointestinal)

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30
Q

structure of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

single layer, ciliated rectangular cells with oval nucleus
(may contain goblet cells)

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31
Q

function of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

secretion of mucin, movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by cilia, oocyte movement thru uterine tube

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32
Q

location(s) of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

lining of the larger bronchioles (air passageways) of the lung, uterine tubes

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33
Q

structure of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

single layer of cells with varying heights, but all of them connect to the basement membrane
(contains goblet cells and cilia)

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34
Q

function of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

protection and secretion

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35
Q

location(s) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

lining of larger airways of respiratory tract, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

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36
Q

structure of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

single layer of cells with varying heights but all of them connect to the basement membrane, but not all cells reach apical surface
(lacks goblet cells and cilia)

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37
Q

function of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

protection

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38
Q

location(s) of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

rare; lining of male urethra and epididymis

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39
Q

difference between keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

keratinized; superficial cell layers are dead
nonkeratinized; cells are living

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40
Q

structure of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

many layers, basal cells are cuboidal/polyhedral and alive while superficial/apical cells are dead

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41
Q

little bonus: what is keratin?

A

a tough and protective protein that strengthens tissue

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42
Q

structure of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

many layers; basal cells are cuboidal/polyhedral and alive while superficial/apical cells are squamous and dead (lack nucleus)

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43
Q

function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protection of underlying tissue from abrasion

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44
Q

location(s) of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

epidermis of skin

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45
Q

structure of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

many layers; basal cells are cuboidal/polyhedral and alive while superficial/apical cells are alive (contain nucleus)

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46
Q

function of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protection of underlying tissue from abrasion

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47
Q

location(s) of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

lining of oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, lining of vagina, anus

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48
Q

structure of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

two/more layers; cells at apical surface are square/round

49
Q

function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

protection/secretion

50
Q

location(s) of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

ducts of most exocrine glands and ovarian follicles

51
Q

structure of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

two/more layers; cells at apical surface are rectangular

52
Q

function of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

protection/secretion

53
Q

locations of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

large ducts of salivary glands, conjunctiva, lining of male urethra

54
Q

structure of transitional epithelium?

A

varies depending if the tissue is relaxed or distended
- relaxed = cuboidal/polyhedral cells
- distended = flattened cells

55
Q

function of transitional epithelium?

A

accommodates urine volume changes in the urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra

56
Q

locations of transitional epithelium?

A

urinary bladder lining, ureters, part of urethra

57
Q

what are glands?

A

individual cells/organs composed mainly of epithelial tissue

58
Q

what do glands do?

A

secrete substances for use in the body or elimination from the body

59
Q

endocrine glands vs exocrine glands

A

endocrine; lack ducts and secrete products (hormones) into blood to be transported thru the body

exocrine; has ducts and discharges contents on epithelial surface

60
Q

anatomic forms of exocrine glands (5)

A

simple, compound, tubular, acinar, tubloacinar

61
Q

simple glands

A

have a single, unbranched duct

62
Q

compound glands

A

have branched ducts

63
Q

tubular glands

A

consistent diameter

64
Q

acinar

A

expanded sac shape

65
Q

tubloacinar

A

has both tubes and sacs

66
Q

exocrine secretion methods (3)

A

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

67
Q

merocrine secretion

A

packages secretions into secretory vesicles; releases them thru exocytosis; glandular cells stay intact

68
Q

apocrine secretion

A

produces secretory material when apical part pinches off; releases cytoplasmic content; cells repair itselves

69
Q

holocrine

A

cell accumulates product then disintegrates; ruptured dead cell is replaced

70
Q

common characteristics of connective tissue

A
  • cells are specific to the type of tissue they are in
  • most cells are not in direct contact w/ each other
  • contains resident cells and wandering cells
71
Q

examples of wandering cells in connective tissue

A

leukocytes (white blood cells)

72
Q

examples of resident cells in connective tissue

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal, fixed microphages

73
Q

fibroblasts

A

immature cells that produce fibers and ground substance

74
Q

adipocytes

A

fat cells

75
Q

mesenchyme

A

embryonic stem cell

76
Q

fixed microphages

A

large cells derived from leukocytes; engulfs damaged cells and pathogens

77
Q

types of protein fibers and their properties

A

collagen - strong but flexible, resists stretch
reticular - thinner and branches, tough but flexible
elastic - wavy and branches, stretches and recoils

78
Q

general functions of connective tissue

A

protection, support/structure, storage, transport, immune protection

79
Q

two types of embryonic connective tissue?

A

mesenchyme and mucous

80
Q

mesenchyme vs mucous

A

mesenchyme - tissue from which all other connective tissues are formed
mucous - umbilical cord only

81
Q

connective tissue proper

A

loose and dense

82
Q

supporting connective tissue

A

cartilage and bone

83
Q

fluid connective tissue

A

blood and lymph

84
Q

functions of areolar connective tissue?

A

protects tissues and organs, binds skin to deeper tissues, gives space for vessels and nerves

85
Q

where can areolar connective tissue be found?

A

skin; beneath epidermis, digestive tract, respiratory system

86
Q

where can elastic cartilage be found?

A

epiglottis of larynx, external ear

87
Q

what structures of dense connective tissue are tightly packed together?

A

fibers

88
Q

where can dense irregular connective tissue be found?

A

dermis of the skin

89
Q

muscle tissues that contain striations?

A

skeletal, cardiac

90
Q

muscle tissue that displays branching when under a miscroscope

A

cardiac

91
Q

what muscle tissue doesn’t have striations?

A

smooth

92
Q

signature feature of cardiac muscle tissue

A

intercalated discs

93
Q

what cells are in blood connective tissue?

A

leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes
(WBCs, RBCs, platelets)

94
Q

function of fibrocartilage?

A

support; forms fetal skeleton

95
Q

what are some structures found in bone connective tissue?

A

osteon, lamella, osteocyte, central canal, cannaliculi

96
Q

5 properties of muscle tissue

A

contractile, conductive, elastic, extensible, excitable

97
Q

is skeletal muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary; somatic nervous system

98
Q

is the cardiac muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary; autonomic nervous system

99
Q

is smooth muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary; autonomic nervous system

100
Q

where can you find skeletal muscle tissue?

A

attached to bone/skin; external urethral/anal sphincters

101
Q

where is cardiac muscle tissue located?

A

myocardium (muscles of the heart)

102
Q

what is a function of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

moves the blood through the heart and vessels

103
Q

where is smooth muscle tissue located?

A

walls of most internal organs, iris of the eye

104
Q

what are some functions of smooth muscle tissue?

A

controls pupil size, propels material through the organ

105
Q

neurons

A

conduct signals

106
Q

is nervous tissue vascular or avascular ?

A

vascular

107
Q

structures in nervous tissue

A

cell body, dendrites, axons, glial cells

108
Q

glial cells

A

supportive functions

109
Q

axon

A

carries signals out/away from cell body

110
Q

dendrites

A

receives info and brings it to cell body

111
Q

where is nervous tissue located?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

112
Q

functions of nervous tissue?

A

receive/process/transmit nerve impulses (glial cells protect/nourish/support neurons)

113
Q

four types of body membranes

A

mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial

114
Q

mucous membranes

A

line structures open to the external environment

115
Q

location of mucous membrane

A

digestive, respiratory urinary, and reproductive system

116
Q

serous membrane

A

line structures not exposed to external environment, covers many organs

117
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin, external body surfaces

118
Q

synovial membrane

A

found in joints reduces friction and provides nutrition

A+P (13 decks)

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