chapter 7

Question 1

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

Answer 1

three stage processing sensory, short term, long term

Question 2

Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart

Answer 2

levels of processing Semantic Phonemic structural

Question 3

patient H.M.

Answer 3

had his hippocampus removed to stop seisures

Question 4

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 4

misinformation effect

Question 5

George Miller

Answer 5

millers law 7 ± 2 items

Question 6

amnesia

Answer 6

a partial or total loss of memory

Question 7

anterograde amnesia

Answer 7

inability to form new long-term memories (declarative memory)

Question 8

chunking

Answer 8

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units, or chunks, so more information can be held in short term memory

Question 9

decay

Answer 9

Memory trace decays after time and practice

Question 10

declarative memory

Answer 10

Facts, things people know

Question 11

eidetic imagery

Answer 11

Remember everything

Question 12

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 12

Method of transfer from Short-Term Memory to Long -Term Memory by making information meaningful

Question 13

encoding

Answer 13

Any information which we sense and subsequently attempt to process, store, and later retrieve

Question 14

encoding specificity principle

Answer 14

The tendency for memory to be improving if surroundings match at encoding and retrival. The tendency for memory to be better if you take a test where you learned the information

Question 15

episodic memory

Answer 15

Daily experiences or daily events

Question 16

explicit memory

Answer 16

memory that is consiously known

Question 17

flashbulb memories

Answer 17

a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid ‘snapshot’ of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential news was heard

Question 18

forgetting curve

Answer 18

the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it

Question 19

implicit memory

Answer 19

type of memory in which previous experiences aid in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences

Question 20

structural processing

Answer 20

-(appearance) which is when we encode only the physical qualities of something. E.g. the typeface of a word or how the letters look.

Question 21

Phonemic processing

Answer 21

which is when we encode its sound.

Question 22

Semantic processing

Answer 22

which happens when we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words with similar meaning.

Question 23

long-term memory

Answer 23

The systerm of memory into which information is place to be kept more or less permanently. -Elaborative Rehearsal

Question 24

long-term potentiation

Answer 24

a long-lasting signal transmission enhancement between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously

Question 25

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 25

Repeating information over and over in one’s head (or out loud) to maintain it in short-term memory. (auditory)

Question 26

memory

Answer 26

the faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information.

Question 27

Method of Loci

Answer 27

items remembered by location

Question 28

mnemonic devices

Answer 28

any learning technique that aids information retention

Question 29

primacy effect

Answer 29

to remember the first part

Question 30

priming proactive interference

Answer 30

Difficulty in learning new information because of already existing information.

Question 31

procedural memory

Answer 31

Memory not typically brought into conscious awareness

Question 32

recall

Answer 32

Information is “pulled” from very few external cues

Question 33

recognition

Answer 33

Matching information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact

Question 34

rehearsal

Answer 34

learning over and over

Question 35

repression

Answer 35

forgetting something bad or traumatic

Question 36

retrieval

Answer 36

getting the information

Question 37

retroactive interference

Answer 37

when a person has difficulty recalling old information because of newly learned information

Question 38

retrograde amnesia

Answer 38

Loss of memory from the past

Question 39

semantic memory

Answer 39

Type of declarative that are taught or learned like language

Question 40

sensory memory

Answer 40

Very 1st Stage of Memory: Information enters the nervous system through sensory systems Iconic Sensory Memory Echoic Sensory Memory

Question 41

serial position effect

Answer 41

remember the first and last thing but not the middle

Question 42

short-term memory

Answer 42

• Information is HELD for brief periods of time -Ability to focus on one stimulus from amoung all sensory input

Question 43

state dependent memory

Answer 43

When learning in altered state, it is easier to recall things in same altered state

Question 44

storage

Answer 44

Hold on to information for a time

Question 45

Tip-of-the-Tongue phenomenon

Answer 45

is the failure to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent

Question 46

working memory

Answer 46

Active system that processes information held in short-term memory