Chapter 2 Flashcards

(36 cards)

1
Q

Hypothesis

A

a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.

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2
Q

Variables

A

any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study.

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3
Q

Theory

A

a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.

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4
Q

Operational Definition

A

describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable.

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5
Q

Data Collection Techniques

A

are procedures for making empirical observations and measurements

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6
Q

Journal

A

a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined are of inquiry.

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7
Q

Research Methods

A

consists of various approaches to the observation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies.

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8
Q

Experiment

A

a research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result

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9
Q

Independent Variable

A

a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable

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10
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable

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11
Q

Experimental Group

A

consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.

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12
Q

Control Group

A

consists of similar subjects who do not receive special treatment given to the experimental group.

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13
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study.

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14
Q

Confounding of Variables

A

occurs when two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects.

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15
Q

Random Assignment

A

occurs when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study.

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16
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

a researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects.

17
Q

Case Study

A

an in-depth investigation of an individual subject

18
Q

Survey

A

researches use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants’ background and behavior.

19
Q

Statistics

A

the use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data.

20
Q

Descriptive Statisitcs

A

are used to organize and summarize data.

21
Q

Median

A

the score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores.

22
Q

Mean

A

is the arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution.

23
Q

Mode

A

the most frequent score in a distribution.

24
Q

Variability

A

refers to how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and from the mean.

25
Standard Deviation
an index of the amount of variability in a set of data.
26
Correlation
exists when two variables are related to eachother
27
Correlation Coefficient
a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.
28
Inferential Statistics
used to interpret data and draw conclusion.
29
Statistical Significance
said to exist when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low.
30
Replication
the repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated.
31
Sample
The collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study.
32
Population
The much larger collection of animals or people that researchers want to generalize about.
33
Placebo Effects
Occur when participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment.
34
Social Desirability Bias
a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.
35
Experimenter Bias
occurs when a researcher's expectation or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained.
36
Double-Blind Procedure
a research strategy is a research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups.