Chapter 6

Question 1

Aversion Therapy

Answer 1

therapy intended to suppress an undesirable habit or behavior (as smoking or overeating) by associating the habit or behavior with a noxious or punishing stimulus (as an electric shock)

Question 2

Blocking

Answer 2

A phenomenon in which an organism does not learn a new stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus, because the new stimulus is presented simultaneously with a stimulus that is already effective as a signal.

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Question 4

Cognitive Map

Answer 4

mental representation of a space

Question 5

Conditioned Response

Answer 5

a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

Question 6

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 6

a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

Question 7

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 7

occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced

Question 8

Extinction (classical conditioning)

Answer 8

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

Question 9

Extinction (operant conditioning)

Answer 9

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

Question 10

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 10

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.

Question 11

Fixed-Ratio schedule

Answer 11

the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non reinforced responses.

Question 12

Habituation

Answer 12

Learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus.

Question 13

Higher-Order Thinking

Answer 13

in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an UCS

Question 14

Insight Learning

Answer 14

Problem solving that occurs by sudden means of reorganization of perception.

Question 15

Latent Learning

Answer 15

learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs

Question 16

Law Of Effect

Answer 16

if a response in the presence of a stimulus lead to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.

Question 17

Learned Helplessness

Answer 17

an apathetic condition, resulting from exposure to unsolvable problems, or extreme stress.

Question 18

Learning

Answer 18

an relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

Question 19

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 19

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus.

Question 20

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 20

does not produce a unconditioned response.

Question 21

Observational Learning

Answer 21

occurs when an organism repsonding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models.

Question 22

Omission Training

Answer 22

is the procedure of removing positive reinforcement upon the occurrence of unwanted behavior

Question 23

Operant Chamber

Answer 23

Skinner Box, a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled.

Question 24

Operant

Answer 24

a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Question 25

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 25

occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

Question 26

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 26

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.

Question 27

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 27

events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

Question 28

Punishment

Answer 28

occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response

Question 29

Reflex

Answer 29

Any automatic behavior

Question 30

Reinforcement

Answer 30

occurs when an event following a response increases an organisms tendency to make that response.

Question 31

Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 31

Determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer.

Question 32

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 32

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

Question 33

Shaping

Answer 33

consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

Question 34

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 34

the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the CS

Question 35

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 35

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Question 36

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 36

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Question 37

Unconditioned Response

Answer 37

an unlearned reaction to an UCS that occurs without previous conditioning

Question 38

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 38

a stimulus that evokes an UCR without previous conditioning.

Question 39

Variable interval schedule

Answer 39

the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.

Question 40

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 40

the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non reinforced responses