Chapter 7 Flashcards
social smile
a smile evoked by a human face, normally first evident about 6 weeks post birth
separation anxiety
an infant’s distress when a familiar caregiver leaves (9-14 months)
stranger wariness
an infant’s expression of concern - a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person, or a look of fear - when a stranger appears
self-awareness
a person’s realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of others
temperament
inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. it is measured by the person’s typical responses to environment
synchrony
a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between caregiver/infant
still-face technique
an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving/expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant
attachment
an affectionate tie that an infant forms with a caregiver - a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time
secure attachment
a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
insecure-avoidant attachment
a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, infant seemingly doesn’t care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return
insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
a pattern of attachment in which an infant’s anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on return
disorganized attachment
a type of attachment that is marked by an infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return
social referencing
seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions
trust versus mistrust
erikson’s first crisis of psychological development. infants learn basic trust if the environment is a secure place where their basic needs are met
autonomy versus shame and doubt
erikson’s second crisis of psychosocial development. toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over actions/body
proximal parenting
caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching
distal parenting
caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with little to no touching/holding
working model
in cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences, for example, a person might assume that other people are trustworthy and be surprised by an incident where the human behavior is erroneous
allocare
literally, “other care,” the care of children by people who are not the biological parents
