Chapter 13 Flashcards
industry versus inferiority
the fourth of erikson’s eight psychological crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent
social comparison
the tendency to assess one’s abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one’s peers
resilliance
the capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
family structure
the legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home, possible structures include nuclear family, extended family, step family, single-parent family, and many others
family function
the way a family works to meet the needs of its members. children need families to provide basic material necessities, to encourage learning, to help them develop self-respect, to nurture friendships, and to foster harmony and stability
nuclear family
a family that consists of a father, mother, and their biological children under 18
single-parent family
a family that consists of only one parent and his or her kids
extended family
a family of relatives in addition to the nuclear family, usually three or more generations living in one household
polygamous family
a family consisting of one man, several wives, and their children
child culture
the idea that each group of children has games, sayings, clothing styles, and superstitions that are not common among adults, just as every culture has distinct values, behaviors, and beliefs
aggressive-rejected
a type of childhood rejection, when other children do not want to be friends with a child because of their antagonistic, confrontational behavior
withdrawn-rejected
a type of childhood rejection, when other children do not want to be friends with a child because of their timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior
bullying
repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm on other people through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person
bully-victim
someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well (also known as provacative victims)
preconventional moral reasoning
kohlberg’s first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishment
conventional moral reasoning
kohlberg’s second level of moral reasoning emphasizing social rules
postconventional moral reasoning
kohlberg’s third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles
