Chapter 10 Flashcards
emotional regulation
the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
self-concept
a person’s understanding of who they are, in relation to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits
effortful control
the ability to regulate one’s emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination
initiative vs. guilt
erikson’s 3rd psychosocial crisis, in which young children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed
intrinsic motivation
a drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the joy of reading a good book
extrinsic motivation
a drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the wish to have external rewards, perhaps by earning money or praise
rough-and-tumble
play that seems to be rough, as in play wrestling or chasing, but in which there is no intent to harm
sociodramatic play
pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in plots or roles that they create
authoritarian parenting
an approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment, and little communication
permissive parenting
an approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication, but little discipline, guidance, or control
authoritative parenting
an approach to child rearing that is characterized by parents setting limits and enforcing rules, but are flexible and listen to their children
neglectful/uninvolved parenting
an approach to child rearing in which the parents seem indifferent toward their children, not knowing/caring about their lives
corporal punishment
disciplinary techniques that hurt the body of someone, from spanking to serious harm, including death
psychological control
a disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support, using a child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents
time-out
a disciplinary technique in which a person is separated from other people and activities for a specified time
induction
a disciplinary technique in which the parent tries to get the child to understand why a certain behavior was wrong. listening NOT lecturing
sex differences
biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape (physiological)
gender differences
differences in male and female roles, behaviors, clothes, and so on that arise from society and culture, not biology
phallic stage
freud’s third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure
oedipus complex
the unconscious desire of young boys to replace their fathers and win their mothers’ exclusive love
superego
in psychodynamic theory, the dudgemental part of the personalirt that internalizes the moral standards of the parents
gender schema
a child’s cognitive concept or general belief about male and female differences
empathy
the ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one’s own
prosocial behavior
actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them
