Chapter 12

Question 1

concrete operational thought

Answer 1

piaget’s term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions

Question 2

classification

Answer 2

the logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic that they have in common

Question 3

seriation

Answer 3

the concept that things can be arranged in a logical series, such as the number sequence or the alphabet

Question 4

automatization

Answer 4

a process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine so that it no longer requires conscious thought

Question 5

knowledge base

Answer 5

a body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area

Question 6

control processes

Answer 6

mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information processing system

Question 7

english language learners (ELLs)

Answer 7

children in the united states whose proficiency in english is low, usually below a cutoff score on an oral or written test. many children who speak a non-english language at home are also capable in english, they are not ELLs

Question 8

immersion

Answer 8

a strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (usually the majority) language

Question 9

bilingual education

Answer 9

a strategy in which instruction in all school subjects are taught in both the learner’s original language and the second (majority) language

Question 10

english as a second language (ESL)

Answer 10

a US approach to teaching english that gathers all of the non-english speakers together and provides them with intense instruction in english. students’ first languages are never used; the goal is to prepare students for regular classes in english

Question 11

hidden curriculum

Answer 11

the unofficial, unstated, or implicit patterns within a school that influence what children learn. for instance, teacher background, organization of the play space, and tracking are all part of the hidden curriculum - not formally prescribed, but instructive to the children

Question 12

national assessment of education (NAEP)

Answer 12

an ongoing and nationally representative measure of US children’s achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed “the Nation’s Report Card”