Chapter 15 Flashcards
adolescent egocentrism
a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of other
rumination
repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression
imaginary audience
the other people who, in an adolescent’s egocentric belief, are watching and taking notes of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. this belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious
personal fable
an aspect of adolescent egocentrism that is characterized by an adolescent’s belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, more wonderful or more awful than anyone else’s
invincibility fable
an adolescent’s egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high speed driving
formal operational thought
in piaget’s theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts
hypothetical thought
reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality
deductive reasoning
reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle. through logical steps, to figure out (deductive) specifics (also called top-down processing)
inductive reasoning
reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach (induce) a general conclusion (also called bottom up reasoning)
dual processing
the notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional processing of stimuli and one for analytical reasoning
intuitive thought
thought that arises from an emotion or hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions
analytic thought
thought that results from analysis, such as systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. depends on logic & reasoning
cyberbullying
bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by means of social media posts, e-mails, text messages, or videos
sexting
sending sexual content, particularly photos or videos, via phones or social media
secondary education
literally, the period after primary education (elementary or grade school) and before tertiary education (college). it usually occurs from about ages 12 to 18, although there is some variation by school and by nation
middle school
a school for children in the grades between elementary school and high school. middle school usually begins with grade 6 and ends with grade 8
entity theory of intelligence
an approach to understanding intelligence that sees ability as innate, a fixed quantity present at birth; those who hold this view do not believe that effort enhances achievement
incremental theory of intelligence
an approach to understanding intelligence that holds that intelligence can be directly increased by effort; those who subscribe to this view believe they can master whatever they seek to learn if they pay attention, participate in class, study, do homework, and so on
high-stakes test
an evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure. if a single test determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted, it is a high-stakes test
