Chapter 7 Flashcards
What kind of parasite is plasmodium
haemosporidian, produces hemozoin from degraged hg
What are the important characteristics of haemosporidians
no conoids, only have sylvatic cycles, wild animals
What illness do plasmodium species cause, name them
malaria!
p. falciparum,
p. vivax,
p. ovale,
p. malariae
Where are the 4 plasmodium species found and are the tertian or quartan
p. vivax- tertian cosmopolitan
p. ovale- tertian West Africa
p. falciparum- tertian or irregular, cosmopolitan
p. malariae- quartan, cosmopolitan
Which plasmodium species is pathognomic explain
can be diagnosed by quartan symptoms, p. malariae
Plasmodium falciparum
most common, most dangerous, creates knobs on RBCs making them stick to endothelial cells, causes blockages
Draw the life cycle of Apicomplexa
slide 11
Explain the process of gametogony in Apicomplexa
2 trophozoites unite create 1 gamont, gamonts undergo fission and create haploid gametes Micro and Macro, sexual reproduction creates gamonts, fertilization creates zygote,
Explain the process of sporogony in Apicomplexa
zygote becomes oocyst/ sporocyst, meiosis and mitosis creates sporozoites, asexual reproduction creates merozoites
What are hypnozoites, what species have this stage
p. vivax and ovale, dormant stage in liver can last years, causes relapse. p malariae not often
What are the 3 structural features of invasive forms of apicomplexa
- apical complex
- thick, 3 layered pellicle
- microtubule cytoskeleton
Briefly summarize the 4 phases of Apicomplexa life cycle
4 phases 1 sexual, 3 asexual
end with invasive form
invasive forms have 3 structural features
What are the parts of the apical complex
apical ring, small vesicles, rhoptries
What stage of plasmodium does the mosquito inject into the blood stream
sporozoites
What happens after mosquito injects plasmodium into blood stream
sporozoites reach liver, invade cells and become trophozoites-> become schizonts-> lyse and release merozoites-> penetrate RBCs-> schizogony creates more merozoites->
What causes symptoms of malaria to be predictable
synchronous rupture of RBCs- creates periodic chills and fever
What causes each cycle of symptoms to get worse
haemozoin is released when degraded hemoglobin leaves ruptures RBCs, causing fever.
how many microgametes does 1 male gametocyte of plasmodium produce
8 microgametes
How does a zygote become an oocyst in plasmdium life cycle
zygote becomes ookinete-> goes through mosquito intestinal tract-> differentiates into diploid genome-> becomes oocyst
How can malaria potentially be controlled
old mosquitoes can pass it and need high temps, kill mosquitoes before they get older
How many sporozoites of plasmodium does one oocyst produce
up to 1000
How is Malaria treated
quinine from cinchona tree bark (fever bark), tree in SA and chloroquine
how does Malaria treatment defeat Plasmodium (quinine)
blood schizonticide and gametocytocidal activity in p vivax and malariae, it is a weak base, inhibits heme polymerase causing accumulation of toxic heme in parasite
How does chloroquine combat malaria
alkaline- raises ph in parasite food vacuoles, inhibits heme polymerase
What is the name of the Malaria vaccine
R21/ Matrix M
How does Malaria affect pregnancy
birth weight goes down, benign symptoms in pregnant women, can cause miscarriage
How does Malaria affect HIV patients
increases disease progression, more deadly, stimulates HIV replication. some acquire HIV from blood transfusion to treat Malaria
Is Malaria present in the US, was it ever?
rural south, eradicated in WW2 with DDT pesticides,
What are the symptoms of Babesia
fever, chills, sweating, myalgias, fatigue, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia,
How is Babesia treated
clindamycin, quinine, atovaquone, azithromycin
How does Babesia affect the immunosuppressed
more severe, can be fatal if not treated. B divergens is worse than microti, also really bad for splenectomized, elderly
How is Babesia Diagnosed
microscope with thick and thin smears
What does Plasmodium need in its environment to develop
drop in temperature and rise in pH
Explain ookinete differentiation in Plasmodium
ookinete differentiates the diploid genome divides and becomes an oocyst
What is the longest phase in the plasmodium life cycle, why is it so variable
oocyst can be 8-35 days, because it relies on temp changes
How does the oocyst go from the mosquito gut into a human’s blood.
oocyst bursts and releases sporozoites into the haemocoel of the mosquito, they migrate to the salivary glands and accumulate in the salivary ducts, mosquito bites human
How are pregnant women affected by the resistance to Malaria
pregnancy causes resistance to decrease if the female already has it, not strong enough to cause miscarriage. If pregnant and never infected, no immunity exists, could lead to miscarriage
What is DDT and what does it have to do with Malaria
pesticide that was used to try to eradicate Malaria, banned in the 70s because it was disrupting hormones and shown to be really harmful to humans and animals
What vector carries Babesia
Ixodes scapularis- tick
Explain how Babesia is transmitted
could be vertically- transfer to offspring, amplifying effect
could be horizontally- Babesia maintained in single generation, molts into next stage
Where in the world can Babesia be found
Europe, B divergens
US- B. microti
