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Parasitology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What disease does cryptosporidium cause

A

cryptosporidiosis- diarrheal

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2
Q

What type of organisms does cryptosporidium infect

A

humans-often children and AIDS patients

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3
Q

What was the worst cryptosporidiosis outbreak in the US

A

Milwaukee 1993- 400,000 people

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of cryptosporidiosis

A

watery diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, abdominal pain, fever, nausea vomiting, severe to immunocompromised, mostly SI also other digestive organs and lungs

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5
Q

How are cryptosporidium diagnosed

A

acid fast staining, immunofluorescence microscopy

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6
Q

How is Cryptosporidiosis treated

A

electrolytes, nitazoxanide for immunocompetent, no guidance for immunocompromised

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7
Q

Explain the cryptosporidium life cycle

A
  1. thick walled oocyst (sporulated) exits host
  2. contaminated water and food with oocysts come into contact with humans, in drinking water
  3. thick walled oocyst ingested by human
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8
Q

How does cryptosporidium leave its host and what stage is it on when it does so

A

sporulated oocysts with 4 sporozoites leave through feces or possibly respiratory secretions

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9
Q

How is cryptosporidium transmitted to humans

A

contact with contaminated water, recreational or drinking, can be zoonotic when exposed to infected feces of animals

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10
Q

Once ingested by a human, what stage is cryptosporidium on and what does it do

A

after ingestion, excystation, where sporozoites are released and attack epithelial cells of GI tract or tissues in respiratory tract

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11
Q

Explain when and how cryptosporidium undergo asexual multiplication and sexual multiplication

A

In infected cells of the GI tract or respiratory sys. schizogony/merogony-asexual then
gametogony-sexual producing micro (M) and macro (F) gametes

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12
Q

What occurs in the cryptosporidium life cycle after asexual and sexual reproduction

A

once macrogamonts are fertilized, they develop into oocysts that sporulate in host

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13
Q

What types of oocysts are produced in cryptosporidium

A

thick walled- often excreted from host

thin walled- usually for autoinfection

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14
Q

what is special about oocysts of Cyclospora cayetanensis

A

they are unsporulated when excreted and do not become infected until sporulation is completed

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of cyclosporosis and what is the incubation period

A

incubation- 1 week
watery diarrhea, can be explosive, anorexia, weight loss, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, myalgias, fever, fatigue
or could be asymptomatic

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16
Q

How is cyclosporosis treated

A

antibiotics trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole together called bactrim

sulf. . prevents growth of bacteria and
trimetho. .. is an antibiotic

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17
Q

What are the possible reactions to treatment for cyclosporosis

A

Stevens-Johnson syndrome-eruptions around mouth anus or eyes, disintegration of skin, liver damage, blood disorder, BM disorder
reactions to sulfonamide

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18
Q

Where in the world is cyclosporosis found

A

common in tropics, subtropics, outbreaks reported in US and Canada

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19
Q

Exlain the life cycle of cyclospora

A
  1. unsporulated oocysts are excreted in stool,
  2. environment is contaminated
  3. oocysts sporulate in environment
  4. sporulated oocysts enter food chain
  5. human ingests contaminated food/ water
  6. excystation in GI tract, asexual then sexual reproduction,
  7. unsporulated oocysts form, start over
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20
Q

What illness does cyclospora cause

A

cyclosporosis

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21
Q

What organism causes cyclosporosis

A

cyclospora

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22
Q

why is direct fecal-oral transmission not possible for cyclospora infection

A

because the oocyst is not infected at this stage

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23
Q

What environment does a cyclospora oocyst need to sporulate

A

days or weeks, temp 22-32,

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24
Q

Explain sporulation in cyclospora life cycle

A

sporont divides into 2 sporocysts, which each have 2 elongate sporozoites. result is sporulated oocyst

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25
Q

Explain excystation in cyclospora

A

oocyst excysts in GI tract of host, sporozoites are freed and invade epithelial cells of SI

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26
Q

What occurs in cells contaminated by cyclospora

A

schizogony-sexually mature into oocyst that shed in stool

27
Q

How are cyclospora oocysts distinguished from cryptosporidium

A

mature oocysts have blue green fluorescence under UV light

cryptosporidium does not

28
Q

What is different about isospora oocysts

A

each sporulated oocyst has 2 sporocysts

29
Q

What kind of organism does isospora parasitize

A

mostly birds, sometimes mammals

30
Q

Where in the world can isospora be found

A

all over, tropical and subtropical

31
Q

What type of humans are often infected by isospora

A

immunodepressed and institutionalized groups

32
Q

What symptoms does isosporosis have

A

acute nonbloody diarrhea, cramps in abs, lasts for weeks resulting in malabsorption and weight loss.
severe in immunodepressed and children, eosinophilia

33
Q

how is isoporosis treated

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole,

34
Q

Describe the life cycle of isospora

A
  1. oocyts released in feces, become immature oocysts with sporoblasts then sporocysts inside
  2. mature oocysts with sporozoites are ingested
  3. mature oocysts become sporozoites when excystation occurs
  4. asexual reproduction creates merozoites
  5. sexual reproduction results in oocysts released in feces, start over
35
Q

Explain how isospora goes from an immatura oocyst to become sporozoites

A

immatura oocysts contains 1 sporoblast, sporoblast divides into 2 and secretes a cysts wall becoming a sporocyst, sporocyst divides twice producing 4 sporozoites

36
Q

where and how does excystation occur in the isospora life cycle

A

in the SI , sporocysts excyst and release sporozoites which invade epithelial cells and start schizogony

37
Q

Explain schizogony in isospora life cycle

A

schizonts rupture and release merozoites, invade epithelial cell, asexual reproduction

38
Q

Map out stages of isospora, DRAW IT

A

OOCYST in feces-> meiosis, mitosis becomes INFECTIVE OOCYST->ingested becomes SPOROZOITE in SI->invades cell becomes TROPHOZOITE->becomes MERONT in enterocyte->merogony becomes MEROZOITE in lumen->can go back to troph/ MACRO and MICRO sexually reproduce becomes GAMETE-> fertilization becomes ZYGOTE->forms cyst wall becomes OOCYST.

39
Q

Where are isospora trophozoites and what do they become

A

in invaded cell, become schizonts containing merozoites

40
Q

What organisms do Eimeria infect

A

fowls-chickens, turkey

41
Q

What organism is eimeria confused with

A

coccidiosis

42
Q

why is eimeria significant

A

results in 7-9% of poultry industry loss

43
Q

What conditions does eimeria live under

A

unsanitary, does well in summer

44
Q

Why are fresh feces with eimeria non infective

A

sporogony from oocyst is exogenous

45
Q

How long does sporogony in eimeria take

A

2 days in summer

46
Q

what treatment is used to combat coccidiosis

A

no medication cures chicken once infected, prophylactic treatment is used-2 coccidiostat used in conjunction

47
Q

Explain the life cycle of Eimeria

A
  1. Sporozoite enters
    epithelial cell
  2. Grows as trophozoite
  3. Schizogony producing many merozoites
  4. Schizont ruptures
  5. Merozoites invade new epithelial cells
    6.-10. Schizogony again, some merozoites loop here
  6. & 15. 2nd and 3rd generation merozoites enter epithelial cells and take a different path (to 16 or 19).
    16.-18. Many
    microgametes are
    produced & released
    19.-20.
    Macrogametes are produced and stay in cell
  7. Microgametes fertilize macrogametes in host epithelial cell and produce wall
  8. Erupt from cell
  9. These sporulate
  10. Infective oocysts
48
Q

What type of organisms does toxoplasma gondii infect

A

most warm blooded animals, definitive hosts are cats

49
Q

How are cats infected with T gondii

A

ingesting oocysts from environment or from tissue of prey

50
Q

what happens after a cat ingests a tissue cyst of T gondii

A

bradyzoites are released and move to SI epithelial cells and go through endodyogony

51
Q

Explain endodyogony in T. gondii

A

2 daughters form in parent without nuclear conjugation, parent dissolves and 2 daughters form

52
Q

How long does T gondii need to become infective

A

oocysts need 1-5 days to sporulate, can survive for months, resistant to drying and freezing.

53
Q

How does T gondii go from a sporulated oocysts when ingested by a cat to a bradyzoite in a tissue

A

sporulated oocyst releases sporozoites and penetrates epithelial cells, sporozoites become tachyzoites and infect tissue, tachyzoites spread to other cells and become bradyzoites in a tissue cyst.

54
Q

How can pregnant women avoid T gondii infection

A

no changing litter box, no uncooked meat, no mammal or bird meat

55
Q

What are the infection rates of T gondii in humans, is it alarming?

A

16-40% of humans, cosmopolitan, few actual symptoms, only concerning with pregnancy

56
Q

What are the symptoms of T gondii infection

A

swollen lymph nodes, muscle pain, fatigue, fever, sore throat, headaches.

57
Q

What are the symptoms of congenital T gondii infection

A

causes congenital toxoplasmosis- tachyzoites cross placenta, later in life infants show vision loss, mental disability and seizures, retinochoroiditis-eye pain, light sensitivity, blurred vision, damage to retina

58
Q

How severe is congenital toxoplasmosis

A

only possible during pregnancy, mother shows no signs, infection more severe during 1st than 2nd and 3rd trimester,

59
Q

Congenital toxoplasmosis if early in pregnancy there is __ transmission but __ pathology.
If late in pregnancy there is __ transmission but ___ pathology

A

low, high

high, low

60
Q

How does toxoplasmosis affect the immunocompromised

A

worse symptoms, at risk of relapse, HIV+ more likely to develop severe infection

61
Q

What organisms does Neospora caninum infect, which is the definitive host

A

dogs (definitive) and cattle, can cause neosporosis

62
Q

What are the symptoms of neosporosis

A

continuous abortion in cattle, in puppies- 7 weeks old muscle atrophy, heart failure, jaw and hind leg paralysis

63
Q

explain the life cycle of neospora caninum

A

oocysts excreted in dog feces, sporulate in environment, cattle graze and ingest it, in infected meat bradyzoites are in tissue cysts can cross placenta, passed in feces

Parasitology (18 decks)

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