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Parasitology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the body can Giardia Lamblia be found

A

Small intestine

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2
Q

What organisms cause Giardiasis

A

Giardia duodenalis, G intestinalis and G lamblia

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3
Q

In what environment is Giardiasis often found

A

daycare centers, cosmopolitan, travelers disease, ski resorts

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4
Q

What is the most common protozoan disease in the US

A

Giardiasis

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5
Q

How is Giardia transmitted

A

ingestion of food or water that contain cysts

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6
Q

How does G lamblia attack the body in humans

A

villous blunting, lymphocytic infiltration, colonizes small intestine, attaches with suckers and builds up

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7
Q

explain what villous blunting is

A

Giardia lamblia: colonizes the villi in small intestine and makes it dull causes mal absorption of nutrients

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8
Q

What stages are present in Giardia lamblia

A

trophozoite and cyst

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of Giardia trophs

A

2 nuclei, 4 pairs of flagella (8 total), smiley face, metabolizing, motile, ventral adhesive disc, binary asexual reproduction

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10
Q

What animals tend to be reservoir hosts for G lamblia

A

beavers

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11
Q

Explain antigenic variation

A

the ability of a parasite to change the proteins it presents to the hosts immune system, Giardia has VSP variant specific protein only in the troph, VSP can change with new host or new stage (troph to cysts and vice versa)

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12
Q

How is Giardiasis diagnosed

A

fecal specimen show trophs or cysts, giardia antigens in feces

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13
Q

How is Giardiasis treated

A

metronidazole

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14
Q

What two species do we study from the Kinetoplastida group

A

Trypanosoma and Leishmania

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15
Q

What phylum is Giardia in

A

Retortamonadea, diplomonadida

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16
Q

What kind of parasites are in the Kinetoplastida group

A

protozoans

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16
Q

What kind of parasites are in the Kinetoplastida group

A

protozoans

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17
Q

What structural characteristics do kinetoplastida have

A

kinetoplast organelle, flagellum

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18
Q

What are the Trypanosoma species we study and what diseases do they cause

A

T. brucei: African sleeping sickness

T. cruzi: chagas disease

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19
Q

What does the kinetoplast organelle do?

A

DNA containing compartment within the mitochondria, metabolism purposes, can help mitochondria turn on or off at different stages in the life cycle

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20
Q

What are the stages of kinetoplasts

A

Trypomastigote, epimastigote, Promastigote, amastigote

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21
Q

Draw the stages of kinetoplasts and list if they are present in Leishmania (L) or Trypanosoma (T) or both (L,T)

A

Tryp- T
epi- TL
Pro- L
Amastigote- LT

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22
Q

What stage is Leishmania in humans, where in the body are they

A

amastigotes inside of macrophages

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23
Q

What is the primary vector of Leishmania, what stage is it when in this vector

A

the sandfly, goes from amastigote to promastigote in fly gut

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24
Q

How does Leishmania attack the body in humans

A

it allows itself to be ingested by macrophages then reproduces inside of them, they inhibit normal macro enzymes, the phagolysosome and increase the pH to take control of it

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25
Q

What are the two ways Leishmania are distributes in ecological terms

A

urban/ suburban method: through animals close to humans like livestock or pets
wild: through wild animals that come in close contact with humans

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26
Q

What is the scientific name of the vector for Leishmania

A

Phlebotomus, old world,

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27
Q

What are common reservoir hosts for Leishmania, what stage are they in when they travel through them

A

dogs, rodents, sloths, wild dogs promastigote

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28
Q

How is new world Leishmaniasis often transmitted

A

hunting or working in forests, sylvatic infection, sloths, rats, wild dogs

29
Q

How is old world Leishmaniasis often transmitted

A

through close contact of humans and domestic animals, zoonosis in rural areas, human to human in urban

30
Q

What are the 3 diseases you can get from Leishmania

A

Visceral, cutaneous, mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

31
Q

Explain what visceral leishmaniasis is and what other name is there for it

A

Kala Azar, infection of macrophages through multiple organs and the blood, fever, weight loss, enlarged spleen and liver, swollen lymph glands, anemia, low WBCs, low platelets

32
Q

What is post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis

A

when leishmaniasis becomes chronic, may show up years after successful treatment, dermal lesions show up containing parasites in big numbers

33
Q

Explain what cutaneous Leishmaniasis is

A

the infection stays at the initial bite site and the parasite invades the skin, amastigotes, sores, volcano appearance, raised edge, swollen glands might be near the sores

34
Q

How is cutaneous Leishmaniasis self limiting

A

chronic, self limiting dry ulceration at bite site, starts months after infection, parasites not outside lesion, granuloma forms for healing but scar is left, creates resistance for reinfection

35
Q

Explain what mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is and what other name does it have

A

espundia, caused by L braziliensis, oral and nasal ulcers, attack on mucous membrane tissue, destroy soft parts of nose, lips, soft palate, death through 2ary infections

36
Q

How is leishmania diagnosed

A

parasites in blood or lymph nodes or in scraping of ulcer,

37
Q

What drugs are used to treat Leishmaniasis

A

antimony (arsenic effects), Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, Pentamidine

38
Q

What are stercorarians and salivarians

A

stercorarians: poop while they eat
salivarian: inject in saliva

39
Q

What genus involves stercorarian and salivarian vectors

A

Trypanosoma

40
Q

Match, T cruzi, T glossina to stercorarian and salivarian

A

cruzi: stercorarian
glossina: salivarian

41
Q

What is the primary vector for T brucei, is it a stercorarian or salivarian

A

tsetse fly, salivarian

42
Q

What life stages are seen in T. brucei, where are they in the bodies of humans/vectors

A

trypomastigote (mammalian host blood) and epimastigote (insect vector)

43
Q

What disease does T brucei cause

A

sleeping sickness

44
Q

How do T brucei attack the body

A

multiply at bite site, cause inflammation “chancre”, enter blood and lymphatic system

45
Q

What are the symptoms of African sleeping disease

A

winterbottom sign (large lymphs on neck), fever once in blood stream, facial edema, nausea, vomiting, back and bone pain

46
Q

Which is more fatal, T brucei gambiense or rhodesiense

A

rhodesiense is more fatal

47
Q

How long is the sleeping sickness incubation stage

A

1-2 weeks, asymptomatic,

48
Q

What is considered the second stage of trypanosomiasis

A

anemia and wasting

49
Q

What are the later stages of sleeping sickness like

A

parasite reaches CNS, meningoencephalitis, severe dementia, aggression, ends in coma, always fatal if untreated

50
Q

Which is faster in devloping, T, brucei gambiense or rhodesiense

A

rhodesiense within a month

gambiense in a year or two

51
Q

How is trypanosomiasis diagnosed

A

blood smear, lymph nodes, spinal fluid show parasites. often false negatives, agglutination test,

52
Q

Where in the world is Trypanosomiasis often found

A

central Africa mostly

53
Q

What genus does the Tsetse fly belong to

A

Glossina

54
Q

How is Trypanomiasis treated

A

difluoromethylornithine- for trypanosomes

melarsoprol- arsenic,

55
Q

What disease does Trypanosoma cruzi cause

A

Chagas disease

56
Q

What is the vector for Trypanosoma cruzi

A

kissing bug

57
Q

Who famously probably dies of Chagas disease

A

darwin

58
Q

What stages are T. cruzi when in bloodstream, in human cells?

A

trypomastigote, amastigote

59
Q

Describe Chagas disease

A

acute: romanas sign, flu symptoms, myocarditis, encephalitis, large liver and spleen
intermediate/ latent- 10-30 years
chronic- heart disease, sudden death, aneurism, megacolon, megaesophagus

60
Q

What are the characteristics of Trichomonads, what 2 species do we study

A

flagellated protists
T vaginalis
T foetus

61
Q

How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted

A

sexually, sometimes neonatal

62
Q

What stages does T vaginalis have

A

only trophozoite

63
Q

Where in the body are T vaginalis found

A

M- urogenital tract, seminal vesicles, prostate

F- vagina

64
Q

What structure does T vaginalis have

A

4 flagella, single nucleus, axostyle, granules: hydrogenosomes, undulating membrane

65
Q

What is the purpose of the hydrogenosome in T vaginalis?

A

carb metabolism, helps it survive in low vagina pH where there is little O2

66
Q

What kind of environment does T vaginalis need

A

facultative anaerobe, no O2 optional, no mitochondria

67
Q

Where in the world is T vaginalis found

A

cosmopolitan, worldwide, humans only host,

68
Q

What are the symptoms of T vaginalis infection

A

acute: vulvitis, yellow or green discharge, hemorragic spots in vagina
chronic: mild, discharge, very asymptomatic

69
Q

What can the long term consequences of T vaginalis infection be for women

A

infertility, adverse pregnancy, preterm delivery, cervical carcinoma

70
Q

What STD comes hand in hand with T vaginalsis

A

HIV, more susceptible both ways

71
Q

How is T vaginalis diagnosed,

A

visual parasites in vaginal secretions, antigen detection test, probe test, PCR

Parasitology (18 decks)

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