Chapter 3 Flashcards
Where in the body can Giardia Lamblia be found
Small intestine
What organisms cause Giardiasis
Giardia duodenalis, G intestinalis and G lamblia
In what environment is Giardiasis often found
daycare centers, cosmopolitan, travelers disease, ski resorts
What is the most common protozoan disease in the US
Giardiasis
How is Giardia transmitted
ingestion of food or water that contain cysts
How does G lamblia attack the body in humans
villous blunting, lymphocytic infiltration, colonizes small intestine, attaches with suckers and builds up
explain what villous blunting is
Giardia lamblia: colonizes the villi in small intestine and makes it dull causes mal absorption of nutrients
What stages are present in Giardia lamblia
trophozoite and cyst
What are the characteristics of Giardia trophs
2 nuclei, 4 pairs of flagella (8 total), smiley face, metabolizing, motile, ventral adhesive disc, binary asexual reproduction
What animals tend to be reservoir hosts for G lamblia
beavers
Explain antigenic variation
the ability of a parasite to change the proteins it presents to the hosts immune system, Giardia has VSP variant specific protein only in the troph, VSP can change with new host or new stage (troph to cysts and vice versa)
How is Giardiasis diagnosed
fecal specimen show trophs or cysts, giardia antigens in feces
How is Giardiasis treated
metronidazole
What two species do we study from the Kinetoplastida group
Trypanosoma and Leishmania
What phylum is Giardia in
Retortamonadea, diplomonadida
What kind of parasites are in the Kinetoplastida group
protozoans
What kind of parasites are in the Kinetoplastida group
protozoans
What structural characteristics do kinetoplastida have
kinetoplast organelle, flagellum
What are the Trypanosoma species we study and what diseases do they cause
T. brucei: African sleeping sickness
T. cruzi: chagas disease
What does the kinetoplast organelle do?
DNA containing compartment within the mitochondria, metabolism purposes, can help mitochondria turn on or off at different stages in the life cycle
What are the stages of kinetoplasts
Trypomastigote, epimastigote, Promastigote, amastigote
Draw the stages of kinetoplasts and list if they are present in Leishmania (L) or Trypanosoma (T) or both (L,T)
Tryp- T
epi- TL
Pro- L
Amastigote- LT
What stage is Leishmania in humans, where in the body are they
amastigotes inside of macrophages
What is the primary vector of Leishmania, what stage is it when in this vector
the sandfly, goes from amastigote to promastigote in fly gut
How does Leishmania attack the body in humans
it allows itself to be ingested by macrophages then reproduces inside of them, they inhibit normal macro enzymes, the phagolysosome and increase the pH to take control of it
What are the two ways Leishmania are distributes in ecological terms
urban/ suburban method: through animals close to humans like livestock or pets
wild: through wild animals that come in close contact with humans
What is the scientific name of the vector for Leishmania
Phlebotomus, old world,
What are common reservoir hosts for Leishmania, what stage are they in when they travel through them
dogs, rodents, sloths, wild dogs promastigote
How is new world Leishmaniasis often transmitted
hunting or working in forests, sylvatic infection, sloths, rats, wild dogs
How is old world Leishmaniasis often transmitted
through close contact of humans and domestic animals, zoonosis in rural areas, human to human in urban
What are the 3 diseases you can get from Leishmania
Visceral, cutaneous, mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Explain what visceral leishmaniasis is and what other name is there for it
Kala Azar, infection of macrophages through multiple organs and the blood, fever, weight loss, enlarged spleen and liver, swollen lymph glands, anemia, low WBCs, low platelets
What is post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis
when leishmaniasis becomes chronic, may show up years after successful treatment, dermal lesions show up containing parasites in big numbers
Explain what cutaneous Leishmaniasis is
the infection stays at the initial bite site and the parasite invades the skin, amastigotes, sores, volcano appearance, raised edge, swollen glands might be near the sores
How is cutaneous Leishmaniasis self limiting
chronic, self limiting dry ulceration at bite site, starts months after infection, parasites not outside lesion, granuloma forms for healing but scar is left, creates resistance for reinfection
Explain what mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is and what other name does it have
espundia, caused by L braziliensis, oral and nasal ulcers, attack on mucous membrane tissue, destroy soft parts of nose, lips, soft palate, death through 2ary infections
How is leishmania diagnosed
parasites in blood or lymph nodes or in scraping of ulcer,
What drugs are used to treat Leishmaniasis
antimony (arsenic effects), Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, Pentamidine
What are stercorarians and salivarians
stercorarians: poop while they eat
salivarian: inject in saliva
What genus involves stercorarian and salivarian vectors
Trypanosoma
Match, T cruzi, T glossina to stercorarian and salivarian
cruzi: stercorarian
glossina: salivarian
What is the primary vector for T brucei, is it a stercorarian or salivarian
tsetse fly, salivarian
What life stages are seen in T. brucei, where are they in the bodies of humans/vectors
trypomastigote (mammalian host blood) and epimastigote (insect vector)
What disease does T brucei cause
sleeping sickness
How do T brucei attack the body
multiply at bite site, cause inflammation “chancre”, enter blood and lymphatic system
What are the symptoms of African sleeping disease
winterbottom sign (large lymphs on neck), fever once in blood stream, facial edema, nausea, vomiting, back and bone pain
Which is more fatal, T brucei gambiense or rhodesiense
rhodesiense is more fatal
How long is the sleeping sickness incubation stage
1-2 weeks, asymptomatic,
What is considered the second stage of trypanosomiasis
anemia and wasting
What are the later stages of sleeping sickness like
parasite reaches CNS, meningoencephalitis, severe dementia, aggression, ends in coma, always fatal if untreated
Which is faster in devloping, T, brucei gambiense or rhodesiense
rhodesiense within a month
gambiense in a year or two
How is trypanosomiasis diagnosed
blood smear, lymph nodes, spinal fluid show parasites. often false negatives, agglutination test,
Where in the world is Trypanosomiasis often found
central Africa mostly
What genus does the Tsetse fly belong to
Glossina
How is Trypanomiasis treated
difluoromethylornithine- for trypanosomes
melarsoprol- arsenic,
What disease does Trypanosoma cruzi cause
Chagas disease
What is the vector for Trypanosoma cruzi
kissing bug
Who famously probably dies of Chagas disease
darwin
What stages are T. cruzi when in bloodstream, in human cells?
trypomastigote, amastigote
Describe Chagas disease
acute: romanas sign, flu symptoms, myocarditis, encephalitis, large liver and spleen
intermediate/ latent- 10-30 years
chronic- heart disease, sudden death, aneurism, megacolon, megaesophagus
What are the characteristics of Trichomonads, what 2 species do we study
flagellated protists
T vaginalis
T foetus
How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted
sexually, sometimes neonatal
What stages does T vaginalis have
only trophozoite
Where in the body are T vaginalis found
M- urogenital tract, seminal vesicles, prostate
F- vagina
What structure does T vaginalis have
4 flagella, single nucleus, axostyle, granules: hydrogenosomes, undulating membrane
What is the purpose of the hydrogenosome in T vaginalis?
carb metabolism, helps it survive in low vagina pH where there is little O2
What kind of environment does T vaginalis need
facultative anaerobe, no O2 optional, no mitochondria
Where in the world is T vaginalis found
cosmopolitan, worldwide, humans only host,
What are the symptoms of T vaginalis infection
acute: vulvitis, yellow or green discharge, hemorragic spots in vagina
chronic: mild, discharge, very asymptomatic
What can the long term consequences of T vaginalis infection be for women
infertility, adverse pregnancy, preterm delivery, cervical carcinoma
What STD comes hand in hand with T vaginalsis
HIV, more susceptible both ways
How is T vaginalis diagnosed,
visual parasites in vaginal secretions, antigen detection test, probe test, PCR
