chapter 7 Flashcards
what is the definition of motivation?
the underlying purpose of our actions
what is intrinsic motivation?
motivation that comes from inside oneself
(when we find a certain activity to be enjoyable and rewarding on its own terms- hobbies)
what is extrinsic motivation?
motivation that comes from outside oneself
(comes from some other reward like a job working for money)
what are instincts?
hardwired, fixed behavioural patterns that are somewhat more complex than reflexes, are perhaps the simplist level of motivation
what is a drive?
powerful motivators that aren’t instincts like hunger and thirst
“excitatory state produced by a homeostatic disturbance”
an urge that we have to return some parameter of our body to homeostasis
what is the drive reduction theory?
posits that we are motivated by our drives to act in ways that resolve uncomfortable disperancies between our current state and state of homeostasis
what are primary drives?
things like hunger, thirst and the need to avoid extreme heat or cold- they’re basic, biologically grounded needs
what are secondary drives?
secondary drives are less basic; examles might include the desire for recognition, or a socially prestigious career, or even money
think of it like needs
what is the need-based theory of motivation proposed by Abraham Malsow?
arranged human needs in a pyramidial hierarchy
arranges more basic needs at the bottom and more physiologically complex needs at the top, we cannot focus on higher up needs until the more basic ones are taken care of
what is psychological arousal?
summarized in simple terms as alertness and engagedness (people are motivated to engage in actions that optimize arousal)
what is the incentive theory of motivation?
posits that humans respond rationally to external incentives (focuses largely on extrinsic motivation)
what are primary reinforcers?
rewards that correspond to basic physiological needs, like food and drink
what are secondary reinforcers?
more physiologically complex concepts like recognition and appreciation
what is the expectancy value theory?
views motivation as reflecting a balance between expectancies (the degree to which someone anticipates being able to succeed at a task) and values (whether the task in question is seen as worthwhile)
people are maxillay motivated to engage in activites if they view themselves as likely to be successful and if they view the activity as being worthwhile and that, conversely reducing either of those factors decreases motivation
what is the self-setermination theoru
- rooted in the distinction between instrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and its major goal is to understand the factors that contribute to intrinsic motivations
- focuses on the need for competence, autonomy, and relatednessare factors that promote intrinsic motivation
- People feel inherintly motivated to engage in tasks that they are competant at performing, that they are empowered to carrt out relatively independently, and that they feel are relevant and important
what is the opponent process theory?
the idea is that if a certain experience initially provokes an intense reaction of one form or another, as the experience continues over time, the opposite reaction tends to predominate
ex. addiction or riding a roller coaster
what are attitudes?
psychological orientations that we have towards a certain person, activity or even topic in general
what are the 3 components of attitude?
- affective- the feelings we have towards something or someone
- behavioural- refers to how we act
- cognitive- refers to our underlying analytical perceptions of the object of the attitude
ABC
2 ways that behaviour can affect attitudes?
- foot-in-the-door technique
- role-playing exercises
what is the Thomas theorem?
if people define situations as real, those situations have real consequences
(attitudes- like whether something is defined as real- can have behavioural impacts
what is cognitive dissonance?
describes that happens when someone with a certain attitude or behaviour is confronred with conflicting evidence (people strive on some level for consistency, and therefore may modify either their behaviours or attitudes ro minimze internal perceptions of inconsistency)
- traditionally expemplified by unhealthy behaviours that are addictive or compulsive
what is the elaboration likelihood model?
tries to explain the different ways people can be persuaded
posits a distinction between the central route of processing and the peripheral route
what is the central route?
involves making a rational decision based on a thorough consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of possible choices
leads to more stable outcomes both cognitively and behaviourally
what is the peripheral route?
involves making decisions based on gut reactions, informed by surface level characteristics, and often in response to cues regarding credibility or desirability of the message, the attractiveness and charisma of the person delivering the message
decisions made are less stable and more vulnerable to competition from other messages trying to appeal to this route
central route processing requires?
- motivation
- capacity (investing the cognitive effort needed to engage in central-route processing requires both that we have the ability to do so and that we care)
what is personality?
refers to an aspect of our psychological constitution that is even more stable than motivation and attitudes
what are Erikson’s stages of development?
personal and psychological development across the lifespan
- he says at each stage of life, an individual is faced with a certain conflict to resolve, and doing so successfully is a prerequisite for healthy development and failure to resolve a conflict is thought to lead to negative psychological outcomes
when and what is the first of Erikson’s life stages?
- occurs during the first year of life and is amrked by the conflict of trust vs mistrust (an infant learns to have either trusting or suspicious attitudes towards the world)
summary of Erikson’s stages of development
what are the 3 basic phases of morality according to Kohlberg?
- preconventional
- conventional
- postconventional
what is Freuds psychosexual persepctive?
he believed that the human libido persisted throughout life
- as the child develops, their bodily behaviour tends to center around different body parts (5 stages)
