chapter 10 Flashcards
what are emotional signals?
- stimuli that we can pick up on as indicating something about thier emotional state
the details of emotional signaling are shaped by?
socialization
what is referred to as gender?
- an axis which emotional signaling varies
- issue is that certain emotions are associated with certain gender roles
what is reffered to as social sanctions?
- are a way in which certain patterns of emotional expression can be indexed to gender
- ex. if an angry woman expressed anger like typical men do, she would encounter negative pushback
what is verbal communication?
- refers to the literal words we say through any medium
what is non-verbal communication?
- everything else that isn’t literally spoken like tone of voice, facial expression, eye contact etc.
what is self-presentation?
- the choices based on how we envision our authentic self and on how we think it will be advantageous to appear in a certain situation
what is self-disclosure?
- refers to what you disclose to others about yourself
what does the term managing appearances refer to?
- refers to how you goorm yourslef, how you dress, and how you act
what is ingratiation?
- “sucking up”
what are aligning actions?
- refers to presenting your actions, especially that might seem a bit questionable, in a light that makes them more appealing in a certain setting
- refer to various ways in which we explain what we choose to do
what is altercasting?
- you project an identity onto someone and then create teh expectation that he or she should act the way you want
- ex. if a professor said as a premed student you shouldn’t have to be reminded to submit lab reports on time
Goffman developed the dramaturgical approach to self presentation that suggests?
- everyone has a front-stage self and back satge self
- front stage self refers to how we present ourselves in front of an audience, following certain scripts and expectations
- the back stage self refers to our more authentic self, when we’re no longer in front of an audience, and we can relax and not worry so much about acting in a way that aligns with our public image
what is attraction as a social behaviour?
- physical attractiveness
- proximity (more likely to be attracted to people we interact with on a daily basis)
- more exposure effect (we eventually develop preferences for familiar people and things)
- similarity
what is aggression as a social behaviour?
- shaped by biological factors
- a way to defend against threats and to obtain greater access to various resources
- also shaped by one’s personal experiences
what is attachment as a social behaviour?
- refers to the bonds that form between children and caregivers, and it can manifest in several distinct attachment styles
what is secure attachment?
- presence of a consistent, responsive, comforting caregiver promotes secure attachment. child feels some distress when the caregiver leaves, but adjusts knowing caregiver will come back and displays happy response when they do
what is ambivalent attachment?
- occurs when the caregiver responds to the child inconsistently. this leads to the child not being able to rely on teh caregiver, and manifests as a pattern of intense distress when the caregiver leaves, followed by a more mixed and unclear response upon return
what is avoidant attachment?
- the child will seem not to really care one way or the other when the caregiver leaves or returns; this is thought to stem from a neglectful relationship
what is disoriented/disorganized attachment?
- manifests as hesitant, contradictory, and confused behaviour upon the caregiver’s departure and return. htis pattern can be a warning sign of abuse
what is altruism?
- refers to helping other people at some cost to yourself, even if only in terms of energy and time
what is social support?
- emotional support
- informational support
- material support
- companionship
what is foraging?
- describes how animals search for food
what is mating behaviour?
- animals have a wide range of ways of engaging in courtship, copulating, and raising offspring
- patterns of mate choice are similarly diverse
- random or repsond to phenotypic cues