chapter 10

Question 1

what are emotional signals?

Answer 1

• stimuli that we can pick up on as indicating something about thier emotional state

Question 2

the details of emotional signaling are shaped by?

Answer 2

socialization

Question 3

what is referred to as gender?

Answer 3

• an axis which emotional signaling varies
  
  • issue is that certain emotions are associated with certain gender roles

Question 4

what is reffered to as social sanctions?

Answer 4

• are a way in which certain patterns of emotional expression can be indexed to gender
  
  • ex. if an angry woman expressed anger like typical men do, she would encounter negative pushback

Question 5

what is verbal communication?

Answer 5

• refers to the literal words we say through any medium

Question 6

what is non-verbal communication?

Answer 6

• everything else that isn’t literally spoken like tone of voice, facial expression, eye contact etc.

Question 7

what is self-presentation?

Answer 7

• the choices based on how we envision our authentic self and on how we think it will be advantageous to appear in a certain situation

Question 8

what is self-disclosure?

Answer 8

• refers to what you disclose to others about yourself

Question 9

what does the term managing appearances refer to?

Answer 9

• refers to how you goorm yourslef, how you dress, and how you act

Question 10

what is ingratiation?

Answer 10

• “sucking up”

Question 11

what are aligning actions?

Answer 11

• refers to presenting your actions, especially that might seem a bit questionable, in a light that makes them more appealing in a certain setting
  
  • refer to various ways in which we explain what we choose to do

Question 12

what is altercasting?

Answer 12

• you project an identity onto someone and then create teh expectation that he or she should act the way you want
  
  • ex. if a professor said as a premed student you shouldn’t have to be reminded to submit lab reports on time

Question 13

Goffman developed the dramaturgical approach to self presentation that suggests?

Answer 13

• everyone has a front-stage self and back satge self
  
  • front stage self refers to how we present ourselves in front of an audience, following certain scripts and expectations
  • the back stage self refers to our more authentic self, when we’re no longer in front of an audience, and we can relax and not worry so much about acting in a way that aligns with our public image

Question 14

what is attraction as a social behaviour?

Answer 14

• physical attractiveness
• proximity (more likely to be attracted to people we interact with on a daily basis)
• more exposure effect (we eventually develop preferences for familiar people and things)
• similarity

Question 15

what is aggression as a social behaviour?

Answer 15

• shaped by biological factors
• a way to defend against threats and to obtain greater access to various resources
• also shaped by one’s personal experiences

Question 16

what is attachment as a social behaviour?

Answer 16

• refers to the bonds that form between children and caregivers, and it can manifest in several distinct attachment styles

Question 17

what is secure attachment?

Answer 17

• presence of a consistent, responsive, comforting caregiver promotes secure attachment. child feels some distress when the caregiver leaves, but adjusts knowing caregiver will come back and displays happy response when they do

Question 18

what is ambivalent attachment?

Answer 18

• occurs when the caregiver responds to the child inconsistently. this leads to the child not being able to rely on teh caregiver, and manifests as a pattern of intense distress when the caregiver leaves, followed by a more mixed and unclear response upon return

Question 19

what is avoidant attachment?

Answer 19

• the child will seem not to really care one way or the other when the caregiver leaves or returns; this is thought to stem from a neglectful relationship

Question 20

what is disoriented/disorganized attachment?

Answer 20

• manifests as hesitant, contradictory, and confused behaviour upon the caregiver’s departure and return. htis pattern can be a warning sign of abuse

Question 21

what is altruism?

Answer 21

• refers to helping other people at some cost to yourself, even if only in terms of energy and time

Question 22

what is social support?

Answer 22

• emotional support
• informational support
• material support
• companionship

Question 23

what is foraging?

Answer 23

• describes how animals search for food

Question 24

what is mating behaviour?

Answer 24

• animals have a wide range of ways of engaging in courtship, copulating, and raising offspring
• patterns of mate choice are similarly diverse
• random or repsond to phenotypic cues

Question 25

what is game theory?

Answer 25

• a branch of behavioural of applied math that deals with decision-making under circumstances of incomplete information where there are other actors who are also making similar choices, like in a game
  
  • ex. prisoner’s dilemma

Question 26

what is inclusive fitness?

Answer 26

• natural selection can operate on the group level

Question 27

what is personal identity and social identity?

Answer 27

• how we view ourselves (distinguish begween different ways that we conceive ourselves on a purely personal level and ways in which we see ourselves embedded in broader social categories)

Question 28

what is symbolic ethnicity?

Answer 28

• refers to contexts where people invoke ethnic identity under specific and limited circumstances
  
  • ex. irish americans on st patricks day

Question 29

nationality is a what concept?

race is a what concept?

ethnicity is a what concept?

Answer 29

• legal
• physical
• cultural

Question 30

what is the concept of the looking glass self?

Answer 30

• our perceptions of ourselves are shaped not only by the actions of other people, but also how they perceive us, because other people in our surroundings senf us messages about who they consider us to be
  
  • how we build conceptions of ourselves based on what other people reflect back at us
  • how other people perceive us shape how we see ourselves

Question 31

Mead viewed role-playing or role-taking as an essential?

Answer 31

• part of how we gain the ability to inhabit and understand other’s perspectives
  
  • ex. children playing house requires children to inhabit specific roles with the corressponding POV’s and the roles are structured in ways that replicate social expectations regarding those roles in society

Question 32

what is self-concept?

Answer 32

• how we perceive ourselves “self-schemas”

Question 33

what is self-verification?

Answer 33

• we seek to have others perceive us according to how we perceive ourselves

Question 34

what is self-identity?

Answer 34

• places a greater emphasis on self-schemas that are relevant for social identity

Question 35

What is Locus of control?

Answer 35

• describes how we tend to assign responsibility for events that occur in our lives
  
  • internal locus of control tend to see themselves as being responsible for those events
  • external locus of control tend to focus on outside factors

Question 36

what is self-esteem?

Answer 36

• one’s overall sense of worth

Question 37

what is Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy?

Answer 37

• Psychologist Albert Bandura has defined self-efficacy as people’s beliefs in their capabilities to exercise control over their own functioning and over events that affect their lives. One’s sense of self-efficacycan provide the foundation for motivation, well-being, and personal accomplishment