chapter 10 Flashcards
1
Q
what are emotional signals?
A
- stimuli that we can pick up on as indicating something about thier emotional state
2
Q
the details of emotional signaling are shaped by?
A
socialization
3
Q
what is referred to as gender?
A
- an axis which emotional signaling varies
- issue is that certain emotions are associated with certain gender roles
4
Q
what is reffered to as social sanctions?
A
- are a way in which certain patterns of emotional expression can be indexed to gender
- ex. if an angry woman expressed anger like typical men do, she would encounter negative pushback
5
Q
what is verbal communication?
A
- refers to the literal words we say through any medium
6
Q
what is non-verbal communication?
A
- everything else that isn’t literally spoken like tone of voice, facial expression, eye contact etc.
7
Q
what is self-presentation?
A
- the choices based on how we envision our authentic self and on how we think it will be advantageous to appear in a certain situation
8
Q
what is self-disclosure?
A
- refers to what you disclose to others about yourself
9
Q
what does the term managing appearances refer to?
A
- refers to how you goorm yourslef, how you dress, and how you act
10
Q
what is ingratiation?
A
- “sucking up”
11
Q
what are aligning actions?
A
- refers to presenting your actions, especially that might seem a bit questionable, in a light that makes them more appealing in a certain setting
- refer to various ways in which we explain what we choose to do
12
Q
what is altercasting?
A
- you project an identity onto someone and then create teh expectation that he or she should act the way you want
- ex. if a professor said as a premed student you shouldn’t have to be reminded to submit lab reports on time
13
Q
Goffman developed the dramaturgical approach to self presentation that suggests?
A
- everyone has a front-stage self and back satge self
- front stage self refers to how we present ourselves in front of an audience, following certain scripts and expectations
- the back stage self refers to our more authentic self, when we’re no longer in front of an audience, and we can relax and not worry so much about acting in a way that aligns with our public image
14
Q
what is attraction as a social behaviour?
A
- physical attractiveness
- proximity (more likely to be attracted to people we interact with on a daily basis)
- more exposure effect (we eventually develop preferences for familiar people and things)
- similarity
15
Q
what is aggression as a social behaviour?
A
- shaped by biological factors
- a way to defend against threats and to obtain greater access to various resources
- also shaped by one’s personal experiences
16
Q
what is attachment as a social behaviour?
A
- refers to the bonds that form between children and caregivers, and it can manifest in several distinct attachment styles
17
Q
what is secure attachment?
A
- presence of a consistent, responsive, comforting caregiver promotes secure attachment. child feels some distress when the caregiver leaves, but adjusts knowing caregiver will come back and displays happy response when they do
18
Q
what is ambivalent attachment?
A
- occurs when the caregiver responds to the child inconsistently. this leads to the child not being able to rely on teh caregiver, and manifests as a pattern of intense distress when the caregiver leaves, followed by a more mixed and unclear response upon return
19
Q
what is avoidant attachment?
A
- the child will seem not to really care one way or the other when the caregiver leaves or returns; this is thought to stem from a neglectful relationship
20
Q
what is disoriented/disorganized attachment?
A
- manifests as hesitant, contradictory, and confused behaviour upon the caregiver’s departure and return. htis pattern can be a warning sign of abuse
21
Q
what is altruism?
A
- refers to helping other people at some cost to yourself, even if only in terms of energy and time
22
Q
what is social support?
A
- emotional support
- informational support
- material support
- companionship
23
Q
what is foraging?
A
- describes how animals search for food
24
Q
what is mating behaviour?
A
- animals have a wide range of ways of engaging in courtship, copulating, and raising offspring
- patterns of mate choice are similarly diverse
- random or repsond to phenotypic cues
25
what is game theory?
* a branch of behavioural of applied math that deals with decision-making under circumstances of incomplete information where there are other actors who are also making similar choices, like in a game
* ex. prisoner's dilemma
26
what is inclusive fitness?
* natural selection can operate on the group level
27
what is personal identity and social identity?
* how we view ourselves (distinguish begween different ways that we conceive ourselves on a purely personal level and ways in which we see ourselves embedded in broader social categories)
28
what is symbolic ethnicity?
* refers to contexts where people invoke ethnic identity under specific and limited circumstances
* ex. irish americans on st patricks day
29
nationality is a what concept?
race is a what concept?
ethnicity is a what concept?
* legal
* physical
* cultural
30
what is the concept of the looking glass self?
* our perceptions of ourselves are shaped not only by the actions of other people, but also how they perceive us, because other people in our surroundings senf us messages about who they consider us to be
* how we build conceptions of ourselves based on what other people reflect back at us
* how other people perceive us shape how we see ourselves
31
Mead viewed role-playing or role-taking as an essential?
* part of how we gain the ability to inhabit and understand other's perspectives
* ex. children playing house requires children to inhabit specific roles with the corressponding POV's and the roles are structured in ways that replicate social expectations regarding those roles in society
32
what is self-concept?
* how we perceive ourselves "self-schemas"
33
what is self-verification?
* we seek to have others perceive us according to how we perceive ourselves
34
what is self-identity?
* places a greater emphasis on self-schemas that are relevant for social identity
35
What is Locus of control?
* describes how we tend to assign responsibility for events that occur in our lives
* internal locus of control tend to see themselves as being responsible for those events
* external locus of control tend to focus on outside factors
36
what is self-esteem?
* one's overall sense of worth
37
what is Bandura's concept of self-efficacy?
* Psychologist Albert Bandura has defined self-efficacy as people's beliefs in their capabilities to exercise control over their own functioning and over events that affect their lives. One's sense of self-efficacycan provide the foundation for motivation, well-being, and personal accomplishment
