chapter 12 Flashcards
1
Q
what is culture?
A
- the common practices and shared understandings that bind us together in a human society
2
Q
what is material culture?
A
- our stuff, consumer products to roads and buildings
3
Q
what is symbolic culture?
A
- anything you cannot touch
- ex. art
4
Q
what is a belief?
A
- reflect a general consensus about how the world works
5
Q
what are values?
A
- convictions about how the world should be, how people should act, and what should be prioritized
6
Q
what are rituals?
A
- actions that have a script
- ex. ceremonies
7
Q
what are symbols
A
- function as a sort of shorthand and can range from very broad symbold that we readily identify with a culture as a whole
8
Q
what is language?
A
- provides the means through which we communicate about various cultural components
9
Q
what are subcultures?
A
- groups of people within a larger cultural framework that either have additional cultural practices and norms or certain cultural traits that are at odds with the surrounding society
10
Q
what are countercultures?
A
- subcultures that orient themselves in opposition to the broader culture that surrounds them
11
Q
what is pop culture?
A
- “of the people”
- shared points of references
12
Q
what is cultural lag?
A
- refers to how changes in material culture can happen more quickly than the ability of a society to catch up in terms of nonmaterial culture
13
Q
what is culture shock?
A
- happens when an individual is immersed in a new culture
14
Q
what is assimilation?
A
- what happens when people are expected to integrate themselves into the predominant culutre by learning the major local language and perhaps even no longer using their native language, by adopting various social norms, by becoming familiar with all the culutural references of the predominant culture, etc.
15
Q
what is multiculturalism?
A
- happens when people preserve their original cultures in local communities
16
Q
what is cultural transmission?
A
- describes how elements of a culture are passed down from one generation to another
17
Q
what is cultural diffusion?
A
- describes how cultural elements and practices can be passed from one culture to another
18
Q
what is Westernization?
A
- an example of cultural diffusion
19
Q
what is age?
A
- aging itself is associated with a broad range of physcial and psychological changes
- sociology = progressing through the life course
20
Q
what is the life course perspective?
A
- approaches aging in light of these considerations
21
Q
what are age cohorts or generations?
A
- people who are born and grow up in roughly the same period of time might be affected by comparable/the same historical events and social trends so we identify them using age cohorts
22
Q
what is the GI generation?
A
- people born in the 1920-1930’s and experienced WW2 as the defining feature of their young adulthood
23
Q
what is the silent generation?
A
the generation born between 1925 and 1945, named after their relatively muted social activism during times of great upheaval like the cold war
24
Q
what are baby-boomers?
A
- after the end of WW2, there was a boom of babies so people born between 1946 and 1964
25
Q
what is generation x?
A
- children born in the mid 1960’s to early 1980’s and were affected by the aftermath of the social changes from the 1960’s and 1970’s
26
Q
what are millennials?
A
- children born from the early 1980’s till 2000 and defining moments include the aftermath of 9/11 and the 2008 economic crisis
27
Q
what is generation Z?
A
- born around 2000 and later
- AKA post-millennials
28
Q
what is generation alpha?
A
those born after 2010
29
Q
what is sex?
A
- biological category that we generally subdivide into categories of male and female but intersex exists
30
Q
what is gender?
A
- social construct that we can think of as all the social baggage that comes with any particular gender identity
31
Q
gender roles do what?
A
- vary across societies
32
Q
what is a gender schema?
A
- refer to how we cognitively organize information about gender, how we perceove the world through the lens of the gender
- constitute what we consider maleness and femaleness
33
Q
what are gender scripts?
A
- refer to specific expectations about how an individual of a given gender is expected to act in a given situation
34
Q
what is gender segregation?
A
- refers to social institutions where people are separated by gender
- ex. locker rooms
35
Q
what is race?
A
- a social construct that is important for demographic purposes
- refers to physical characteristics associated with descent from certain populations
36
Q
what is racialization?
A
- when a racial identity is externally imposed on a person, group, or even a certain practice
37
Q
what does race formation theory describe?
A
- describes how processes of racialization are deployed by power structures in society to advance political or social goals
38
Q
what is ethnicity?
A
- refers to someone’s cultural background
39
Q
what is immigration status?
A
- not a yes or no category
- a variety of legal statuses can apply to immigrants
40
Q
Thomas Robert Malthus is the first researcher who?
A
- seriously thought about population changes
41
Q
what is demographic transition and its stages?
A
- societies transition from a pattern of high death rates and birth rates to low death rates and birth rates
- stage 1- both death and birth rate are high and population remains stable or increases slowly
- stage 2- the death rate decreases but birth rate is still high
- stage 3- death rate slowly decreases and birth rates decreases fast (slows down population expansion)
- stage 4- birth and death rate are low, population becomes stable again
- stage 5- low death rates coexist with low birth weights
42
Q
what are population pyramids?
A
- often used to visulaize the balance of different age and gender groups in society
- old age at top, younger at the bottom
- men on the left, women on the right
43
Q
what is the age specific fertility rate?
A
- number of births per 1000 women of a specfiic age
44
Q
what is the total fertility rate?
A
- the number of lifetime births per woman
45
Q
what are push factors?
A
- lead people to emigrate from a certain country
- ex. poverty, war. famine
46
Q
what are pull factors?
A
- those that draw people towards a certain country as a destination
47
Q
what is globalization?
A
- ever-closer economic and cultural linkages
48
Q
what is the world systems theory?
A
- theoretical perspective that has emerged to help male sense of globalization
- this framework divides the world into core, semi-peripheral and peripheral nations based on the place that specfic nations occupy in the global economy
49
Q
what is relative deprivation?
A
- when a person or groups lacks certain resources in comparison to other groups in soceity or what they are accustomed to
50
Q
what is a caste system?
A
- reflect a hereditary assignment of social status
- a caste system is a class structure that is determined by birth. loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you’re going to be poor, too.
51
Q
what is social capital?
A
- “wealth” that someone has through their social network contacts
52
Q
what is cultural capital?
A
- all traits that signal membership in a higher class of society
- ex. uni degrees, ways of speaking, understanding how to dress a certain way
- everything else that signals prestige (NOT MONEY)
- ex. uni degrees, ways of speaking, understanding how to dress a certain way
53
Q
what is class consciousness?
A
- the degree to which one identifies a member of one’s class and advocates for the interests of that class
54
Q
what is false consciousness?
A
- refers to someone focusing on other parts of his or her identity to the exclusion of class, or buying into incorrect ideas about social class or mobility
55
Q
what is power?
A
- the ability to get things done, to shape the world accordingly to your decisions
56
Q
what is prestige?
A
- helps explain why cultural capital can be a medium through which power is deployes
- certian things can be associated with higher levels of society to which people aspire, making them prestigious
57
Q
what is privilege?
A
- refers to favourable assumptions that are made about someone due to features beyond thier control, like race or sex
58
Q
what is intersectionality?
A
- people’s lived experience of discrimination is specific to the combination of their various demographic features, and various combinations of discrimination can exacerbate each other
59
Q
what is absolute poverty?
A
- refers to a situation where someone is not able to obtain the basic necessities of life, like food, water, shelter and clothing
60
Q
what is relative poverty?
A
- when a person has insufficient means to maintain the living standard of the country or community they live in
61
Q
what is marginal poverty?
A
- refers to poverty caused by the lack of stable employment
62
Q
what is structural poverty?
A
- describes poverty that results from aspects of economic structure that are more general than any one person’s individual circumstances
63
Q
what is social exclusion?
A
- marginalized people dont have access to resources, opportunities, and even rights that are available to other members of society which results in a degree of isolation and contributes to the persistence of poverty
64
Q
spacial inequality
A
- social inequalities that manifest in terms of where people live and work
65
Q
what is residential segregation?
A
- refers to situations in which people of certain demographic categories cluster together
66
Q
what is social reproduction?
A
- refers to the structures and patterns of activity that cause inequalities to persist over time
- these are social factors that cause inequalities to reproduce over time
67
Q
what is a gini index?
A
- is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income inequality or wealth inequality within a nation or any other group of people.
68
Q
what is prevelance
A
- a snapshot of how common a given condition is in a population
69
Q
what is incidence?
A
- describes how many new cases pccir among an at risj population over a certain time period
70
Q
what is intergenerational mobility?
A
- if mobility from one socioeconomic stratum happens across more than one generation
71
Q
what is intragenerational mobility?
A
if mobility from one socioeconomic stratum happens within a single generation
more focused on individual
72
Q
what is vertical mobility?
A
- one mvoes to a higher or lower stratum of the socioeconomic hierarchy
73
Q
what is horizontal mobility?
A
- one switches roles within a single class
74
Q
what is exchange mobility?
A
- views the basic socioeconomic structure of society as being stable, so that someone moving up the socioeconomic ladder will be balanced out by someone slipping down
75
Q
what is structural mobility?
A
- big plunges into the socioeconomic statuses can occur and make them not balanced
76
Q
what is meritocracy?
A
- Meritocracy is the idea that people get ahead based on their own accomplishments rather than, for example, on their parents’ social class.
