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MCAT psych/soc > chapter 11 > Flashcards

chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is status?

A
  • refers to any social category that is used to identify people
  • statuses are not mutually exclusive
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2
Q

what is an achieved status

A
  • one that a person works to attain
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3
Q

what is an ascribed status?

A
  • those that come from outside ourselves that we do not attain based on our actions, but rather just have involuntarily
    • ex. gender, ethnicity
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4
Q

what is a master status?

A
  • a certain status can play such a dominant role in someone’s life that it crowds out other statuses that apply to them
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5
Q

what are roles?

A
  • the expectations that come with a status
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6
Q

what is role strain?

A
  • a single role can involve many different tasks so sometimes people experience difficulty handling the multiple responsibilities associated with a certain role
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7
Q

what is role conflict?

A
  • people may experience difficulty because they have different roles that are pulling them in different directions, and it’s hard to balance them both
    • like the different roles are fighting with each other for priority
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8
Q

what is role exit?

A
  • the process that one goes through when disengaging from a role
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9
Q

what is role engulfment?

A
  • occurs when a role expands to dominate someone’s life
    • closely related to what someone does with their time or energy
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10
Q

what are primary groups?

A
  • long-lasting, with deep bonds formed among members
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11
Q

what are secondary groups?

A
  • short-lasting and more superficial
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12
Q

what are peer groups?

A
  • made up of people similar in terms of age, status, abckground, interests, and so on, and we usually think of those groups as being self-selected
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13
Q

what are family groups?

A
  • groups defined by genetic relationships and/or relationships like marriage and adoption
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14
Q

what are in-groups and out groups?

A
  • categories that someone identifies as a member of, or feels that he or she belongs to and out-groups are the opposite
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15
Q

what are reference groups?

A
  • groups that we compare ourselves too
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16
Q

what is the concept of dyads vs triads?

A
  • groups made up of 2, dyads, are less stable than groups made up of 3 people, triads.
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17
Q

what is a social network analysis?

A
  • researchers can apply various mathematical techniques to analyze the connections among people in networks, allowing them to identify the most central nodes, to predict how information might move through networks, to characterize how spread-out or centralized a certain group is
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18
Q

what are organizations?

A
  • a subset of groups
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19
Q

what are formal organizations?

A
  • strictly defined and has specific structure and rules for entering and exiting
  • will exist even when all of its current members are long gone
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20
Q

what is a coercive organization?

A
  • one that you don’t choose to be part of, but have to anyway
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21
Q

what are normative organizations?

A
  • ones that people join because of some shared ideal or ethical goal (volunteer)
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22
Q

what are utilitarian organizations?

A
  • ones that people join to make money or be compensated for in some direct way
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23
Q

organizations can be structured in many ways but the most well known example is?

A
  • a bureaucracy
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24
Q

what is an ideal (fits the definition) bureaucracy according to Weber?

A
  • has hierarchical structure with well-defined roles, responsabilities and chains of command
  • organized by specialization, with each role corressponding to a clearly defined skill
  • run impersonnaly; recruitment and employment are grounded in technical, merit-based qualifications
  • a predictable career path
  • political neutrality
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25
Q

what is the iron law of oligarchy?

A
  • posits that any organization that starts off with democratic decision-making will ultimately wind up being dominated by a smaller group of decision-makers, or an oligarchy
26
Q

what is McDonaldization?

A
  • refers to an organizational approach that focuses on efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and technological control which are the factors that make a profit while being sold for low prices and makes the experience much less personal
27
Q

what is Emile Durkheim’s functionalism?

A
  • focuses on the functions of various structures and institutions
28
Q

what are manifest functions?

A
  • intended functions of an institution
29
Q

what are latent functions?

A
  • unintended functions of an institution (positive or neutral)
30
Q

what are latent dysfunctions?

A
  • unintended negative consequences of a structure or institution
31
Q

what is conflict theory?

A
  • focuses on the competition between different structures or groups for resources, and the conflicts that arise in that process
32
Q

what is symbolic interactionism?

A
  • interested in how people interact, using symbols
    • interactions must be part of a symbolic interactionist analysis
    • symbol is something that we assign meaning to, but we have to have a shared sense of such meanings for society to work
    • more individual and how people communicate
33
Q

what is social constructionism?

A
  • posits that the meaning of a social structure or concept emerges from how we think about those concepts and communicate with each other about them
    • ex. gender roles, love, patriotism, respect
    • on a larger scale
34
Q

what is rational choice theory?

A
  • posits that people have certain preferences or goals, and then choose actions basrf on the pros and cons of various possible choices in a way that maximizes the likelihood of satisfying those preferences or goals
35
Q

what is social exchange theory?

A
  • builds on this perspective of self-interestedness and views social interactions as involving interchanges with costs and rewards
    • commercial relationships and friendships
36
Q

what is feminist theory?

A
  • goal of understanding and remedying gender injustices through a focus on both lived experiences and objectic data
    • gender inequalities added
37
Q

what is a hidden curriculum in education?

A
  • in an educational or training setting, we learn all sorts of things that aren’t officially included in the curriculum, especially values, norms, and ways of interacting with others
38
Q

what is educational segregation?

A
  • putting different things in different places
  • system used to refer to uneven distributions of students in schools, based on parameters like race, ethnicity, or even poverty
39
Q

what is educational stratification?

A
  • arranging things in layers (levels of SES)
  • idea that people with higher status and more resources have more options in terms of access to the educational system
  • educational structures that put high-achieving students on a track to college and lower-achieveing students on a track towards more vocational options
  • teachers play a role in student performance- students who pick up on high expectations tend to perform better, vice verse
40
Q

family defines?

A

our early lives

41
Q

family bonds involve?

A

kinship

42
Q

what is kinship of decent?

A
  • based on a shared ancestry
    • primary kin- people whom you’re related through a very close bond
    • secondary kin- primary kin of your primary kin
    • tertiary kin- either primary kin of your secondary kin or secondary kin of your primary kin
43
Q

what is religiosity?

A
  • refers to how religious a person considers themselves to be
    • churches/sects on one end of the spectrum and cults on the other with deonominations in between
44
Q

what is modernization?

A
  • the cumulative impact of the technological advances that have been made in the last century or so
  • modernization has decreased peoples religiosity (secularization) or it made religion more extreme (fundamentalism)
45
Q

what is power of the governement?

A
  • refers to its literal ability to get things done, including the fact it can use force
46
Q

what is government authority?

A
  • refers to the overall legitimacy of the government, or the degree to which the government is felt to have the right to structure our lives in certain ways, regardless of its power to actually enforce regulations
47
Q

what is a monarchy?

A
  • rulership is passed down in a defined succession, usually through famial netowrks
    • constitutional monarchy- monarch coexists with an elected government
    • absolute monarchs- king or queen is sole person in charge
48
Q

what is authoritarianism?

A
  • citizens have no input into the government, and are expected to obey whatever the government decides
    • soft suthoritarian systems- there may be come elections, but with limited choice. government minimizes its intrusions into citizens private lives while repression outward forms of dissent that could destabilize the system
    • totalitarianism- the government regulates every aspect of life and any form of dissent can be brutally punished
49
Q

what is democracy?

A
  • a system where people vote
    • direct democracies are systems in which poeple vote for the lwas themselves
    • indirect/democaratic republics are systems where people vote for representatives who then make laws
50
Q

what is capitalism?

A
  • characterized by private ownership, both of property and of companies that produce goods and provide services
51
Q

what is socialism?

A
  • emphasizes social ownership and worker’s self management, whether collectively or through the government, but still maintaining many of the structures in a capitalist state
52
Q

what is communism?

A
  • formally defined as a utopian society
  • society becomes class-less, state-less and free of hierarchy
53
Q

a principle underlying every modern economic system is?

A
  • division of labour (how things are made efficiently and allows everyone to be really good at something, and then work together on lots of different things)
    • not all skills are equal
54
Q

what is medicalization?

A
  • when something used to be viewed as lazy or bad but had an underlying medical cause that now changed how people look at that issue
    • ex. addiction or ADHD
55
Q

what is the sick role?

A
  • people with an illness have this role and it carries certain rights and responsabilities expected of them in society
    • follow instructions to get better
56
Q

what is paternalism?

A
  • when physicians would make decisions on a patients behalf without giving them much input or even information about their condition
57
Q

what are the 4 principles of medical ethics?

A
  1. beneficience (acting for the patients benefit)
  2. nonmaleficence (“do no harm”)
  3. autonomy (patients have the right to make their own decisions even if they contradict medical advice)
  4. justice (refers to a doctor’s obligation to provide quality care equally and fairly, and to work for the equitable allocation of healthcare resources)
58
Q

what is the illness experience?

A
  • describes illness as a social construct
    • how people conceive of and experience the phenomenon of becoming ill, navigating the decision of whether or not to seek care, and the experience of recovery
59
Q

what is the field of epidemiology?

A
  • deals with who gets various illnesses, and how those patterns are affected by factors like age, sex, where people live, behavioural patterns, SES, etc.
60
Q

what is the field of social epidemiology?

A
  • focuses on how social factors contrubute to illness and health

MCAT psych/soc (12 decks)

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