Chapter 6 Vocabulary

Question 1

Compounds in your body that consist of numerous amino acids and are found in all living cells

Answer 1

Proteins

Question 2

The building blocks of protein. Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Composed of an acid group, an amine group. and a unique side chain

Answer 2

Amino acids

Question 3

The COOH group that is part of every amino acid; also called a carboxyl group

Answer 3

Acid group

Question 4

The nitrogen-containing part (NH2) of an amino acid

Answer 4

Amine group

Question 5

The side group of an amino acid that provides it with its unique qualities; also referred to as the R group

Answer 5

Side chain

Question 6

The bonds that connect amino acids; created when the acid group of one amino acid is joined with the nitrogen-containing amine group of another amino acid

Answer 6

Peptide bonds

Question 7

The nine amino acids that the body cannot synthesize’ they must be obtained through dietary sources

Answer 7

Essential amino acids

Question 8

The eleven amino acids that the body can synthesize

Answer 8

Nonessential amino acids

Question 9

Nonessential amino acids that become essential if the body cannot make them, such as during bouts of illness

Answer 9

Conditionally essential amino acids

Question 10

A substance that is converted to another substance in the body

Answer 10

Precursor

Question 11

The alteration of a protein’s shape, which changes the structure and function of the protein

Answer 11

Denaturation

Question 12

A limited supple of amino acids stored in your blood and cells and used to build new proteins

Answer 12

Amino acid pools

Question 13

The continual process of degrading and synthsizing protein. When the daily amount of degraded protein is equivalent to the amount that is synthesized, you are in protein balance

Answer 13

Protein turnover

Question 14

A nitrogen-containing waste product that is excreted in urine

Answer 14

Urea

Question 15

The blueprint in cells that stores all the genetic information. Remains in the nucleus of the cell and directs the synthesis of proteins

Answer 15

DNA

Question 16

A DNA segment that codes for a specific protein

Answer 16

Gene

Question 17

A molecule that carries out the orders of DNA

Answer 17

RNA

Question 18

A type of RNA that copies the genetic information encoded in DNA and carries it out of the nucleus of the cell to synthesize the protein

Answer 18

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 19

A type of RNA that collects the amino acids within the cell that are needed to make a specific protein

Answer 19

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 20

A blood disorder caused by a genetic defect in the development of hemoglobin. Causes the red blood calls to distort into a sickle shape and can damage organs and tissues

Answer 20

Sickle-cell anemia

Question 21

A ropelike, fibrous protein that is the most abundant protein in the body

Answer 21

Collagen

Question 22

The most abundant tissue in the body. Made up primarily of collagen, it supports and connects body parts as well as providing protection and insulation

Answer 22

Connective tissue

Question 23

Substances that act as catalysts and speed up reactions

Answer 23

Enzymes

Question 24

Substances that aid and speed up reactions without being changes, damaged, or used up in the process

Answer 24

Catalysts

Question 25

Substances, often vitamins, that are needed by enzymes to perform many chemical reactions in your body

Answer 25

Coenzyme

Question 26

Protein- or lipid-based chemical messengers that initiate or direct a specific physiological response. Insulin, glucagon, and estrogen are all examples

Answer 26

Hormones

Question 27

The equal distribution of water throughout you body and with and between cells

Answer 27

Fluid balance

Question 28

The accumulation of excess fluid in the spaces surrounding your cells, which causes swelling of body tissue

Answer 28

Edema

Question 29

Substances that help maintain the proper pH in a solution by attracting or donating hydrogen ions

Answer 29

Buffers

Question 30

Proteins that carry lipids (fats and cholesterol), oxygen, waste products, and vitamins through the blood to various organs and tissues, or that serve as channels to allow substances to pass through cell membranes

Answer 30

Transport proteins

Question 31

Proteins made by your body to bind and neutralize foreign invaders, such as harmful bacteria, fungi, viruses, as part of the body's immune response

Answer 31

Antibodies

Question 32

The state of having built up antibodies to a particular foreign substance so that when particles of the substance enter the body, they are destroyed by the antibodies

Answer 32

Immunity

Question 33

The state in which an individual is consuming the same amount of nitrogen (from protein) in the diet as he or she is excreting in the urine

Answer 33

Nitrogen balance

Question 34

The measure of a protein's digestability and how it's amino acid pattern compares with your body's needs. Proteins that are more easily digested and have a complete set of amino acids are of higher quality.

Answer 34

Protein quality

Question 35

A food's capacity to be broken down so tha tit can be absorbed

Answer 35

Digestability

Question 36

The types and amounts of amino acids in a protein

Answer 36

Amino acid profile

Question 37

A protein that provides all the essential amino acids that your body needs, along with some nonessential amino acids. Soy protein and protein from animal sources, in general, are examples

Answer 37

Complete protein

Question 38

A protein that is low in one or more of the essential amino acids. Protein from plant sources tend to be examples

Answer 38

Incomplete amino acids

Question 39

The amino acid that is in the shortest supply in an incomplete protein

Answer 39

Limiting amino acid

Question 40

Incomplete proteins that are combined with modest amounts of animal or soy proteins that are rich in the limiting amino acids to create a complete protein

Answer 40

Complemented proteins

Question 41

A score measured as a percentage that takes into account both digestibility and amino acid profile and gives a good indication of the quality of a protein

Answer 41

Protein digestability corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

Question 42

A lack of sufficient dietary protein and/or calories

Answer 42

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

Question 43

A state of PEM where there is severe deficiency of dietary protein

Answer 43

Kwashiorkor

Question 44

A state of PRM where there is a severe deficiency of calories that perpetuates wasting; also called starvation

Answer 44

Marasmus

Question 45

A person who doesn't eat meat, fish, or poultry or (sometimes) foods made from these animal sources

Answer 45

Vegetarians

Question 46

Naturally occurring phytoestrogens, or weak plant estrogens, that function in a fashion similar to the hormone estrogen in the human body

Answer 46

Isoflavones

Question 47

the hormone responsible for female sex characteristics

Answer 47

Estrogen