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Biology of Food > Chapter 3 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Body area containing the organs of the digestive tract. It extends from the mouth to the anus.

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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2
Q

The breakdown of foods into absorbable components using mechanical and chemical means

A

Digestive process

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3
Q

The interior of the digestive tract through which food passes

A

Lumen

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4
Q

Breaking food down through chewing and grinding, or moving it through the GI tract with peristalsis

A

Mechanical digestion

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5
Q

Breaking down food with enzymes or digestive juices

A

Chemical digestion

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6
Q

The forward, rhythmic motion that moves food through the digestive system.

A

Peristalsis

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7
Q

A ‘sloshing’ motion that thoroughly mixes chyme with the chemical secretions of the intestine.

A

Segmentation

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8
Q

A constrictive wave that involves both forward and reverse movements of chyme and enhances nutrient absorption.

A

Pendular movement

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9
Q

Watery fluid secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. Moistens food and makes it easier to swallow

A

Saliva

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10
Q

Viscous, slippery secretions found in saliva and other digestive juices.

A

Mucus

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11
Q

The throat. Passageway for the respiratory (air) and digestive tracts (food and beverages).

A

Pharynx

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12
Q

Chewed mass of food

A

Bolus

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13
Q

Flap of tissue that protects the trachea while swallowing

A

Epiglottis

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14
Q

Tube that extends from the throat to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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15
Q

A circular band of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach that opens and closes to allow food to enter the stomach

A

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

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16
Q

Digestive organ that holds food after it’s moved down the esophagus and before it’s propelled into the small intestine

A

Stomach

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17
Q

A powerful acid made in the stomach that has digestive functions. It also helps to kill microorganisms and lowers pH in the stomach

A

Hydrochloric (HCl) acid

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18
Q

A digestive hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates digestive activities and increases motility and emptying

A

Gastrin

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19
Q

The semiliquid, partially digested food mass that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine

A

Chyme

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20
Q

A digestive enzyme produced in the stomach that breaks down protein

A

Pepsin

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21
Q

Sphincter in the bottom of the stomach that separates the pylorus from the duodenum of the small intestine

A

Pyloric sphincter

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22
Q

Comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The longest part of the GI tract. Most of the digestion and absorption occurs here.

A

Small intestine

23
Q

Projections on the walls of the small intestine that increase surface area over which nutrients can be absorbed.

A

Villi

24
Q

Tiny projections on the villi in the small intestine that increase surface area even more.

A

Microvilli

25
Q

Gateway between the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine. The sphincter prevents the backflow of fecal contents from the large intestine into the small intestine

A

Ileocecal sphincter

26
Q

Final organ of the GI tract. It consists of the cecum, appendix, colon, and rectum.

A

Large intestine

27
Q

Waste products that are stored in the large intestine and then excreted from the body. Consists mostly of bacteria, sloughed-off gastrointestinal cells, inorganic matter, water, unabsorbed nutrients, food residue, undigested fibers, fatty acids, mucus, and remnants of digestive fluids.

A

Stool (feces)

28
Q

The lowest part of the large intestine, continuous with the sigmoid colon and the anus.

A

Rectum

29
Q

The opening at the end of the rectum where waste is eliminated from the body

A

Anus

30
Q

The largest gland of the body. It aids in digestive activity and is responsible for metabolism and nutrients, detoxification of alcohol, and some nutrient storage.

A

Liver

31
Q

A pear-shaped organ located behind the liver. Stores bile produced by the liver and secretes the bile through the bile duct into the small intestine.

A

Gallbladder

32
Q

Accessory organ of digestion that produces hormones and enzymes. It’s connected to the duodenum via the bile duct.

A

Pancreas

33
Q

Chemical substances that regulate, initiate, or direct cellular activity.

A

Hormones

34
Q

Substances that produce chemical changes or catalyze chemical reactions.

A

Enzymes

35
Q

A yellowish-green fluid made in the liver and concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. It helps emulsify fat and prepare it for digestion.

A

Bile

36
Q

The process by which digested nutrients move into the tissues where they can be transported and used by the body’s cells.

A

Absorbtion

37
Q

The process of absorbing nutrients across the intestinal cell membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration

A

Passive diffusion

38
Q

The process of absorbing nutrients across the intestinal cell membrane with the help of a carrier molecule

A

Facilitated diffusion

39
Q

The process of absorbing nutrients across the intestinal cell membrane with the help of a carrier protein and energy

A

Active diffusion

40
Q

Difficult swallowing

A

Dysphagia

41
Q

A burning sensation originating in the esophagus. Usually caused by the reflux of gastric contents from the stomach into the esophagus. Can lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

Heartburn

42
Q

The backward flow of stomach contents past the lower esophageal sphincter into the esophagus.

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

43
Q

Formal term for ‘stomach flu.’ Caused by a virus or bacteria and results in inflammation of the stomach and/or intestines

A

Gastroenteritis

44
Q

Sores, erosions, or breaks in the mucosal lining of the stomach

A

Peptic ulcers

45
Q

Small, hard, crystalline structures formed in the gallbladder or bile duct due to abnormally thick bile

A

Gallstones

46
Q

Production of excessive gas in the stomach or the intestines

A

Flatulence

47
Q

Difficulty passing stools.

A

Constipation

48
Q

Frequent, loose, watery stools

A

Diarrhea

49
Q

Swelling in the veins of the rectum and anus

A

Hemorrhoids

50
Q

A functional disorder that involves changes in colon rhythm

A

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

51
Q

An autoimmune disease of the small intestine that involves the inability to digest the protein gluten

A

Celiac disease

52
Q

A sensitivity to the protein gluten, which is found in wheat and other grains. symptoms include stomachaches, diarrhea, bloating, and tiredness

A

Gluten intolerance

53
Q

An inflammatory bowel disease involving inflammation and swelling of the intestines

A

Crohn’s disease

Biology of Food (12 decks)

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