Chapter 5 Vocabulary Flashcards
A category of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen compounds that are insoluble in water
Lipids
Having an aversion to water
Hydrophobic
The basic unit of triglycerides and phospholipids
Fatty acids
A fatty acid that has all of its carbons bound with hydrogen
Saturated fatty acids
Fats that contain mostly saturated fatty acids
Saturated fat
A fatty acid that has one double bond
Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
Fats that contain mostly unsaturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fats
A fatty acid with two or more double bonds
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
The two polyunsaturated fatty acids that the body cannot make and therefore must be eaten in foods: linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid
Essential fatty acids
A polyunsaturated fatty essential fatty acid; part of the omega-6 fatty acid family
Linoleic acid
A polyunsaturated essential fatty acid; part of the omega-3 fatty acid family
Alpha-linolenic acid
Three fatty acids that are attached to a glycerol backbone
Triglyceride
The three-carbon backbone of a triglyceride
Glycerol
The common name for triglycerides
Fat
Fats that are liquid at room temperature
Oils
Lipids made up of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone
Phospholipids
A compound that keeps two incompatible substances, such as oil and water, mixed together
Emulsifier
A lipid that contains four connecting rings of carbon and hydrogen
Sterol
A substance that is converted into or leads to the formation of another substance
Percursor
A glycerol with only two attached fatty acids
Diglyceride
A glycerol with only one attached fatty acid
Monoglyceride
A substance produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted into the small intestine that emulsifies fat into smaller globules, allowing enzymes to break the fat down
Bile
Small transport carriers in the intestine that enable fatty acids and other compounds to be absorbed
Micelles
Watery fluid that circulates through the body in lymph vessels and eventually enters the blood
Lymph
Capsule-shaped transport carriers that enable fat and cholesterol to travel through the lymph and blood
Lipoproteins
A type of lipoprotein that carries digested fat and other lipids through the lymph system into the blood
Chylomicron
A lipoprotein that delivers fat made in the liver to the tissues. These remnants are converted into LDL
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
A lipoprotein that deposits cholesterol in the walls of the arteries. Because this action can lead to heart disease, this substance is referred to as the bad cholesterol carrier
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
A lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the tissues and delivers it to the liver to be used as part of bile and/or to be excreted from the body. Because of this action, this substance is referred to as the good cholesterol carrier.
High-density lipoprotein
Hormone-like substances in the body. Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are all examples.
Eicosanoids
Two omega-3 fatty acids that are heart healthy
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EHA) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Adding hydrogen to an unsaturated fatty acid to make it more saturated and solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenation
Substances that result from the hydrogenation of an unsaturated fatty acid, causing a reconfiguring of some of its double bonds. A small amount of this substance occur naturally in animals foods.
Trans fatty acids
Substance that contains mostly trans fatty acids
Trans fat
the decomposition, or spoiling, of fats through oxidation
Rancidity
Substances that replace added fat in foods by providing the creamy properties of fat for fewer calories and fewer total fat grams
Fat substitutes
Permanent damage to the heart muscle that results from a sudden lack of oxygen-rich blood
Heart attack
A condition caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain that could result in paralysis and possibly death
Stroke
Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to the buildup of debris along the artery walls
Atherosclerosis
The hardened buildup of cholesterol-laden foam cells, platelets, cellular waste products, and calcium in the arteries that results in atherosclerosis
Plaque
Less than 120 mm Hg (systolic- top number) and less than 80 mm Hg (diastolic- bottom number). Referred to as 120/80.
Normal blood pressure
Naturally occuring sterols found in plants. Lower LDL cholesterol levels by competing with cholesterol for absorption in the intestinal tract
Phytosterols
Phytochemicals found in fruits, vegetables, tea, nuts, and seeds.
Flavinoids
