chapter 6 - the human body Flashcards
The part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones
Cranium
The bone of the lower jaw
Mandible
A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties
Norepinephrine
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Ilium
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement
brain
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
Oropharynx
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs
Sebaceous glands
The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly
Acetabulum
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint
Joint capsule
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism
hormones
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
tendons
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
residual volume
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
femur
An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells
hemoglobin
Bones of the hand; situated between the carpals and phalanges
Metacarpals
Pertaining to the nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline
Adrenergic
The supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton
Pectoral girdle
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
Gallbladder
The small organs that produce hair
Hair follicles
The bones of the vertebral column
Vertebrae
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will
voluntary muscle
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel
Systemic vascular resistance
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur
Lesser trochanter
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
Thorax
Muscles that encircle and, by contracting, construct a duct, tube, or opening
Sphincters
The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck
cervical spine
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
Orbit
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
Dermis
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center
Pons
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions
Shock
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
Somatic nervous system
The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side
fibula
The tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum
Fallopian tubes
The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg
Tibia
Tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers
intervertebral disks
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall
Tunica media
The bones of the cranium that form the forehead
Frontal bones
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
Urinary bladder
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells
Metabolism
One of three bones that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
Sacrum
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
triceps
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function
Hypoperfusion
Joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection
Symphyses
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine
coccyx
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
anatomic position
A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle
Malleolus
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL in the average adult man
expiratory reserve volume
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
systemic circulation
The upper quarter of the sternum
Manubrium
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes
pancreas
The collarbone
Clavicle
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura
pleural space
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
systole
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
Aorta
The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings
mucus
The linings of the body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
Mucous membranes
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause construction of blood vessels
Alpha-adrenergic receptors
The reproduction system in men and women
genital system
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts
Respiratory system
The substance that leaves the stomach
chyme
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint
skeletal muscle
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle and into the major arteries
pulse
Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content
kidneys
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
Midbrain
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
Cricothyroid membrane
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery
Femoral artery
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
Subcutaneous tissue
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries
Arterioles
Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues
Red blood cells
The supporting bone of the upper arm
Humerus
Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense system mechanisms against infection
white blood cells
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
pubis
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
Oncotic pressure
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
plasma
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
pulmonary veins
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
appendix
The most posterior bone of the cranium
occipital bone
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine
Bile ducts
One of the two lower chambers of the heart
ventricle
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
ureter
The outermost or dead layer of the skin
stratum corneum
The study of how normal physiological processes are affected by disease
Pathophysiology
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate
hinge joints
The shoulder blade
scapula
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute
Minute volume
A medication that increases heart rate and blood pressure but also eases breathing problems
epinephrine
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
Chordae tendineae
Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues
Hypoxia
The outer layer of skin
Epidermis
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
Enzymes
One of the two upper chambers of the heart
atriums
A cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder
renal pelvis
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
coronal plane
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
carotid artery
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant below the diaphragm
liver
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
alveoli
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column and rib cage
axial skeleton
Behind the abdominal cavity
Retroperitoneal
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm
Brachial artery
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
ischium
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain
cerebellum
The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
peristalsis
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
Motor nerves
An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
sagittal plane
The outermost cavity of a woman’s reproductive tract
vagina
The amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath
Tidal volume
The relaxation of the heart, especially of the ventricles
Diastole
The deepest layer of the epidermis
germinal layer
The bending of a joint
flexion
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
Ball-and-socket joint
The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide
Respiration
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body
nervous system
The function units of the nervous system
Neurons
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients with cardiac arrest
Agonal gasps
Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph
lymph nodes
The exchange of air between the lungs and the environment
ventilation
The framework of the body, composed of bones and other connective tissues, that supports and protects internal organs and other body tissues
skeletal system
The flow of blood through body tissues and vessels
perfusion
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
sacroiliac joint
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate and bronchial dilation
Beta-adrenergic receptors
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
digestion
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
appendicular skeleton
The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between the body tissues and the blood
capillary vessels
The space in between the cells
interstitial space
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
cricoid cartilage
The number of heartbeats during a specific time
heart rate
The windpipe
trachea
The inability of the body to move gas effectively
respiratory compromise
An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
transverse plane
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
blood pressure
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
temporal bones
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth
nasopharynx
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
topographic anatomy
A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients and hormones to the cells and carries away waste products of metabolism away from the cells
lymph
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
stroke volume
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
parietal bones
The artery just behind the medial malleolus
posterior tibial artery
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone
zygomas
The lining of the joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space
synovial membrane
The straightening of a joint
extension
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space
pleura
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
aerobic metabolism
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; Adam’s apple
thyroid cartilage
The pressure of water against the walls of its container
hydrostatic pressure
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
synovial fluid
The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks; the spinal column
vertebral column
The group of bones situated between the lower leg bones and the metatarsal bones of the foot
tarsals
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
salivary glands
The bones of the fingers and toes
phalanges
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis and the abdominal organs to the heart
inferior vena cava
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five non fused vertebrae
lumbar spine
Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
platelets
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair
scalp
A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder
prostate gland
Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
semen
An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream
hypercapnia
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract
smooth muscle
A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen
lactic acid
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
heart
Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones
ligaments
The knee cap
patella
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control
involuntary muscle
The complex arrangement of connected tubes that moves blood oxygen and nutrients throughout the body
circulatory system
The place where two bones come into contact
joint
The supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect the legs to the axial skeleton
pelvic girdle
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange occurs
V/Q ratio
The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls active functions such as responding to fear
sympathetic nervous system
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
greater trochanter
The breast bone
sternum
A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
testicle
The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls vegetative functions such as digestion of food and relaxation
parasympathetic nervous system
The primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg that if fertilized, will develop into a fetus
ovaries
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
Dorsalis pedis artery
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
seminal vesicles
The heart muscle
cardiac muscle
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones
cartilage
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
xiphoid process
The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold and pain from the body to the central nervous system
sensory nerves
A pearly white layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces of bones in synovial joints
Articular cartilage
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
small intestine
