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EPCC Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 6: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the skeletal system include?

A

Bones, joints, and associated supporting tissues

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2
Q

Bones

A
  • Main organs of the system
  • Composed of more than osseous tissue
  • Also has dense regular, irregular collagenous connective tissue, and bone marrow
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3
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  • Protection
  • Mineral storage
  • Acid-base homeostasis
  • Blood cell formation
  • Fat storage
  • Movement
  • Support
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4
Q

Protection

A

The skeleton protects vital organs such as the brain

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5
Q

Mineral storage and acid-base homeostasis

A

Bone stores minerals such as Ca2+ and PO4(3-), which are necessary for electrolyte and acid-base balance

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6
Q

Blood cell formation

A

Red bone marrow is the site of blood cell formation

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7
Q

Fat storage

A

Yellow bone marrow stores triglycerides

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8
Q

Movement

A

Muscles produce body movement via their attachment to bones

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9
Q

Support

A

The skeleton supports the weight of the body

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10
Q

Bone shapes

A
  • Long bone
  • Flat bone
  • Short bone
  • Irregular bone
  • Sesamoid bone
  • Sutural (Worminan) bone
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11
Q

Long bone

A
  • Elongated shape

- Most limb bones

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12
Q

Flat bone

A
  • Thin, flat

- Cranium, ribs, sternum

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13
Q

Short bone

A
  • Cube-shaped

- Carpals, tarsals

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14
Q

Irregular bone

A
  • Various shapes

- Vertebra, hip, coccyx

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15
Q

Sesamoid bone

A
  • Small, flat, like a sesame seed
  • Forms within tendons
  • Patella
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16
Q

Sutural (Worminan) bone

A
  • Small, flat, irregular shape

- Forms between bones of the skull at sutures

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17
Q

Parts of a long bone

A
  • Periosteum
  • Endosteum
  • Diaphysis
  • Metaphysis
  • Epiphysis
  • Epiphyseal plate
  • Epiphyseal line
  • Medullary cavity
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18
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Outer covering
  • Consists of dense irregular connective tissue
  • Inside is a single layer of bone cells which contain osteoblasts, nerves, blood vessels, and osteochondral progenitor cells
  • Fibers of tendon become continuous with fibers of periosteum
  • Sharpey’s fibers
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19
Q

Sharpey’s Fibers

A
  • Some periosteal fibers penetrate through the periosteum and into the bone
  • This strengthens the attachment of tendon to bone
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20
Q

Endosteum

A
  • Lines medullary cavity

- Has a layer of osteoprogenitor cells

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21
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Stem cells that produce osteoblasts

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22
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of bone made out of compact bone

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23
Q

Metaphysis

A

Narrow zone where diaphysis connects to epiphysis

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24
Q

Epiphysis

A
  • End of bone

- Cancellous bone (spongy bone)

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25
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A
  • Growth plate
  • Its presence means the bone is still growing
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Present until growth stops
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26
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Present when bone stops growing in length

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27
Q

Medullary cavity

A
  • Red marrow in children
  • Gradually changes to yellow in limb bones and skull
  • Not in long bones
  • Rest of skeleton is red
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28
Q

Diploe

A
  • Flat bones do not have a marrow cavity

- Instead they have a diploe

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29
Q

Types of bone structure

A
  • Compact bone

- Cancellous (spongy) bone

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30
Q

Compact Bone

A
  • Hard, dense outer region

- Allows bone to resist linear compression, twisting, and other stresses

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31
Q

Cancellous Bone

A
  • Inside cortical (compact) bone
  • Honeycomb-like framework of bony struts
  • Allows bones to resist forces from many directions
  • Provides cavity for bone marrow
  • Made of trabeculae
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32
Q

Types of bone marrow

A
  • Red bone marrow

- Yellow bone marrow

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33
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Supports islands of blood-forming hematopoietic cells
  • Decreases with age
  • Only present in the pelvis with adults
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34
Q

Why do children have more bone marrow?

A

They need more of it to assist with growth and development

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35
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Composed of triglycerides, blood vessels, and adipocytes

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36
Q

Bone Matrix

A

-

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37
Q

Bone cells

A
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts
  • Stem cells/osteochondral progenitor cells
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38
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Make bone

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39
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

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40
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • Break down bone
41
Q

Stem cells/osteochondral progenitor cells

A

Become chondroblasts or osteoblasts

42
Q

Woven Bone

A

Collagen fibers are randomly oriented

43
Q

Lamellar Bone

A

Mature bone in sheets

44
Q

Ruffled border

A

Where cell membrane borders bone and resorption is taking place

45
Q

How to osteoclasts reabsorb bone?

A
  • H+ ions are pumped across the membrane
  • Acid forms, eating away bone
  • Enzymes are released that digest the bone
46
Q

Osteon

A
  • The unit of compact bone structure
  • Also called a Haversian system
  • Consists of concentric rings
47
Q

Osteon Structure

A
  • Concentric lamellae
  • Interstitial lamellae
  • Circumferential lamellae
  • Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
48
Q

Concentric Lamellae

A
  • Thin layers of bone that make up the rings found in an osteon
  • 4-20 in each osteon
49
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A
  • Fills spaces between circular osteons

- Represent remnants of old osteons

50
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A
  • Outer and inner layers of lamellae just inside periosteium
  • Found at the boundary with spongy bone
  • Adds strength
51
Q

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

A
  • Originate from blood vessels in periosteum
  • Perpendicular to central canals of neighboring osteons
  • Connects osteons
52
Q

Trabeculae

A
  • Struts or ribs of bone
  • Covered with endosteum
  • Usually not arranged into osteons
  • Communicate through calaiculi
53
Q

What are trabeculae made of?

A

Concentric lamellae with osteocytes in lacunae

54
Q

How do trabeculae communicate?

A

Through canaliculi

55
Q

How does spongy bone get blood?

A
  • There are no central canals to supply blood

- Obtain blood from vessels in bone marrow

56
Q

Types of bone development

A
  • Intramembranous ossification
  • Encochondral ossification
  • Both methods produce woven bone that is then remodeled
  • After remodeling, bone is indistinguishable
57
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Take place in connective tissue membrane

58
Q

Encochondral ossification

A

Take place in cartilage

59
Q

Ossification

A

The process of bone formation

60
Q

When does ossification begin?

A
  • In the embryonic period

- Continues through childhood, with most bones completing formation by age 7

61
Q

Mechanisms for ossification

A
  • First bone formed is immature primary (woven) bone

- Usually primary bone is broken down by osteoclasts and replaced with mature secondary bone

62
Q

Immature Primary Bone

A

Irregularly arranged collagen bundles, osteocytes, and sparse inorganic matrix

63
Q

Mature Secondary bone

A
  • Lamellar bone

- More inorganic matrix and increased strength

64
Q

What bones does intramembranous ossification make?

A

Many flat bones (skull and clavicles) during fetal development

65
Q

Fetal primary bone

A
  • Formed within mesenchymal membrane
  • Composed of embryonic connective tissue
  • Rich in blood
66
Q

Flat bone structure

A

2 outer layers of compact bone with layer of spongy bone in the middle

67
Q

Order of ossification for flat bones

A
  • Spongy middle layer first

- Begins from primary ossification center

68
Q

Progression of mesenchymal cells

A

They differentiate into osteogenic cells, then osteoblasts, at the primary ossification site

69
Q

How many primary ossification centers do larger bones have?

A
  • More than one

- These lead to pieces of bone that fuse together over time

70
Q

Which bones undergo endochondral ossification?

A

All bones below the head except clavicles

71
Q

When does endochondral ossification begin?

A
  • In the fetal stage for most bones
  • Some bones (wrist and ankle) ossify much later
  • Many bones complete ossification by age 7
72
Q

Where does endochondral ossification begin?

A

From within a model of hyaline cartilage

73
Q

Hyaline cartilage model

A

Consists of chondrocytes, collagen, and ECM surrounded by connective tissue membrane (perichondrium) and immature cartilage cells (chondroblasts)

74
Q

What do long bones have in the epiphysis?

A

Secondary ossification centers

75
Q

Steps of endochondral ossification

A
  • Differentiate into osteogenic cells, then osteoblasts, forming periosteum
  • Bone begins to form where osteoblasts have built bone collar on external surface of bone
  • Internal cartilage begins to calcify at the same time
  • Osteoclasts etch oping for blood vessel and bone cell entry
  • Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with early spongy bone
  • Cavities enlarge and combine, developing the medullary cavity
  • Secondary ossification centers develop in epiphysis
  • Remaining ossified cartilage replaced by bone
  • Osteoclasts enlarge medullary cavity, fills with bone marrow
  • Epiphyses finish ossifying
76
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone disease in which bones become weak and brittle due to inadequate inorganic matrix

77
Q

What causes osteoporosis?

A
  • Dietary: calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency
  • Female gender
  • Advanced age
  • Lack of exercises
  • Hormones (lack of estrogen in postmenopausal women)
  • Genetic factors
78
Q

Appositional Growth

A
  • Bone growth in width
  • Does not result in immediate formation of osteons
  • Forms new circumferential lamellae
79
Q

What happens to old circumferential lamellae?

A

They are removed or restructured into osteons

80
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Continuous process of bone formation and loss after growth in length is finished

81
Q

Reasons for bone remodeling cycle

A
  • Maintenance of calcium ion homeostasis
  • Replacement of primary bone with secondary bone
  • Bone repair
  • Replacement of old brittle bone with newer bone
  • Adaptation to tension and stress
82
Q

Bone remodeling in response to compression

A

Bone deposition

83
Q

Bone remodeling in response to tension

A

Bone deposition

84
Q

Bone remodeling in response to continuous pressure

A

Bone resorption

85
Q

How do intestines affect concentration of calcium ions in body fluids?

A

When calcium concentration drops below normal rate of intestinal absorption increases

86
Q

How do the kidneys affect concentration of calcium ions in body fluids?

A

When calcium concentration drops below normal osteoclasts are stimulated to increase release of stored calcium ions

87
Q

How do bones affect concentration of calcium ions in body fluids?

A

When calcium concentration drops below normal kidneys retain calcium ions

88
Q

What happens when calcium is low in the body?

A
  • Parathyroid gland will secret PTH (parathyroid Hormone)
  • Kidneys and the small intestine absorb calcium and phosphate
  • PTH will stimulate the kidneys to release calcitriol which will also effect the kidneys and the small intestine to absorb calcium and phosphate
  • PTH will go to the bones and directly increase activity of osteoclast to break down bone and release into the blood calcium and phosphate
89
Q

What happens when calcium is high in the body?

A
  • Thyroid gland will secret calcitonin
  • Calcitonin effect the kidneys and the small intestine to not absorb calcium and phosphate
  • Calcitonin will cause the kidneys and the small intestine to not absorb calcium and phosphate
  • It will go to the bones and indirectly inhibit PTH from activating osteoclast and as a result osteoblast with deposit calcium and phosphate back into the bone
90
Q

Types of bone fractures

A
  • Open (compound)
  • Closed (simple)
  • Incomplete
  • Complete
  • Greenstick
  • Hairline
  • Comminuted
91
Q

Open (compound) fracture

A
  • Bone break with open wound

- Bone may be sticking out of wound

92
Q

Closed (simple) fracture

A

Non perforated skin

93
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

Doesn’t extend across the bone

94
Q

Complete fracture

A

Extends across the bone

95
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Incomplete fracture that occurs on the convex side of the curve of a bone

96
Q

Hairline fracture

A
  • Incomplete where two sections of bone do not separate

- Common in skull fractures

97
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Complete with break into more than 2 pieces

98
Q

Bone Repair

A
  • Hematoma (blood clot) fills in gap between bone fragments
  • Fibroblasts and chondroblasts form soft callus
  • Osteoblasts build hard (bone) callus
  • Bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bond

EPCC Anatomy and Physiology 1 (24 decks)

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