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EPCC Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Science

A

Method of observing and measuring natural phenomenon in order to explain them

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of structure of human body

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Study of body’s functions

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4
Q

Properties of living organisms

A
  • Cellular composition
  • Metabolism
  • Growth
  • Excretion
  • Responsiveness
  • Movement
  • Reproduction
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5
Q

Cellular composition

A
  • Cells are the basic units of life
  • Smallest unit that can carry out functions of life
  • All organisms are composed of cells
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6
Q

Metabolism

A
  • The collective chemical reactions in an organism

- Metabolic either build up (anabolic) or break down (catabolic) substances

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7
Q

Chemical

A
  • Substances with unique molecular composition

- Used in or produced by chemical reactions

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8
Q

Growth

A
  • Building outweighs breaking down processes

- Can either increase size or number of individual cells

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9
Q

Excretion

A

Elimination of potentially harmful waste products created by metabolic processes

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10
Q

Responsiveness

A

Sensing and reacting to changes or stimuli in the environment

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11
Q

Movement

A

Movement can occur in:

  • Entire organism
  • Individual cells within organism
  • Materials within or between cells of organism
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12
Q

Reproduction

A
  • Individuals cells reproduce during growth and replace damaged or old cells
  • Organism yields offspring
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13
Q

Levels of structural organization and body systems

A

Chemical level –> Cellular level –> Tissue level –> Organ level –> Organ system level –> Organism level

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14
Q

Chemical Level

A

Interaction of atoms

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15
Q

Subatomic Level

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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16
Q

Atomic Level

A

Elements

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17
Q

Organelle

A

Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell

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18
Q

Cell

A

Functional unit of life

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19
Q

Tissue Level

A

Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

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20
Q

Organ Level

A

One or more tissues functioning together

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21
Q

Organ System Level

A

Group of organs functioning together

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22
Q

Organism Level

A

Any living thing

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23
Q

How many organ systems are there?

A

11

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24
Q

List the organ systems

A
  • Integumentary system
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Respiratory system
  • Urinary system
  • Digestive system
  • Reproductive system (male and female)
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25
Q

Integumentary system

A
  • Protects the body from the environment
  • Produces vitamin D
  • Retains water
  • Regulates body temperature
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26
Q

Skeletal system

A
  • Supports the body
  • Protects internal organs
  • Provides leverage for movement
  • Produces blood cells
  • Stores calcium salts
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27
Q

Muscular system

A
  • Produces movement
  • Controls body openings
  • Generates heat
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28
Q

Nervous system

A
  • Regulates body functions

- Provides for sensation, movement functions, and high mental functions, nerve impulses

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29
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • Regulates body functions

- Regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones

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30
Q

Cardiovascular system

A
  • Pumps and delivers oxygen-rich blood to the tissues
  • Removes waste from the tissues
  • Transports cells, nutrients, and other substances
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31
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system

- Provides immunity

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32
Q

Respiratory system

A
  • Delivers oxygen to the blood
  • Removes carbon dioxide from the body
  • Maintains the acid-base balance of the blood
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33
Q

Urinary system

A
  • Removes metabolic wastes from the blood
  • Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
  • Stimulates blood cell production
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34
Q

Digestive system

A
  • Digests food
  • Absorbs nutrients into the blood
  • Removes foot waste
  • Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
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35
Q

Reproductive system (male and female)

A
  • Secretes hormones

- Sexual function

36
Q

Anatomical Position

A
  • Body standing upright
  • Feet shoulder width apart
  • Upper limbs at sides of trunk and head and palms facing forward
37
Q

Popliteal

A

Back of knee

38
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

39
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek

40
Q

Otic

A

Ear

41
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

42
Q

Hallux

A

Big toe

43
Q

Planes of section through an organ

A
  • Longitudinal
  • Cross/transverse
  • Oblique
44
Q

Longitudinal section through an organ

A

Cut along the length of an organ

45
Q

Cross/transverse section through an organ

A

Cut at right angle to length of the organ

46
Q

Oblique section through an organ

A

Cut at any but a right angle

47
Q

Cavity

A

Any fluid-filled space within the body

48
Q

Function of body cavities

A

Protect internal organs and allow them to move and expand as necessary to perform functions

49
Q

Major body cavities

A
  • Dorsal

- Ventral

50
Q

Subdivisions of dorsal body cavity

A
  • Cranial cavity
  • Vertebral (spinal cavity)
  • Subdivisions are continuous
  • Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Bathes and protects brain and spinal cord
51
Q

Cranial Cavity

A
  • Within the skull

- Protects the brain

52
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A
  • Within the vertebral column

- Protects the spinal cord

53
Q

Subdivisions of Ventral Body Cavity

A
  • Thoracic cavity
  • Abdominopelvic cavity
  • Separated by diaphragm
54
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Superior to diaphragm

55
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Inferior to diaphragm

56
Q

Divisions of Thoracic Cavity

A
  • Pleural cavities
  • Mediastinum
  • Pericardial cavity
57
Q

Pleural cavities

A

Surrounds either the left or right lung

58
Q

Mediastinum

A
  • Between pleural cavities
  • Houses heart, great vessels, trachea, and esophagus
  • Not within the serous membrane
59
Q

Pericardial cavity

A
  • Within mediastinum

- Within serous membrane that surrounds heart

60
Q

Divisions of Abdominopelvic cavity

A
  • Abdominal cavity
  • Pelvic cavity
  • Contains organs from several systems (digestive, lymphatic, reproductive, and urinary)
61
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Diaphragm to bony pelvis

62
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A

Abdominal subcavity found within serous membrane

63
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Within bony pelvis

64
Q

Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic cavity

A
  • Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  • Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  • Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  • Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
65
Q

Segments of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

A
  • Right hypochondriac region
  • Epigastric region
  • Left hypochondriac region
  • Right lumbar region
  • Umbilical region
  • Left lumbar region
  • Right iliac region
  • Hypogastric region
  • Left iliac region
66
Q

Serous membrane

A
  • Thin sheets of tissue
  • Form cavities in ventral cavity
  • Surrounds heart, lungs, and many abdominal organs
67
Q

Visceral layer

A

In contact with underlying organ

68
Q

Parietal layer

A

Outermost layer attached to surrounding structures

69
Q

Serous fluid

A
  • Fluid found within cavity between two membrane layers

- Extremely thin layer of fluid

70
Q

Characteristics of serous fluid

A
  • Watery, slippery lubricant
  • Fills space between membrane layers
  • Produced by cells of membrane
  • Prevents friction from movement of organs
71
Q

Pleural membranes

A
  • Consists of outer parietal pleura (follows contours of thoracic wall) and inner visceral pleura (runs along surface of lungs)
72
Q

Pleural cavities

A

Thin space enclosed by pleural membranes

73
Q

Peritoneal membranes

A
  • Surrounds SOME abdominal organs
  • Consists of outer parietal peritoneum and inner visceral peritoneum
  • Kidneys lie outside of and behind parietal peritoneum (retroperitoneal organs)
74
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Space between layers

75
Q

X-ray

A

Ionizing radiation

76
Q

Computed tomography scan (CT)

A
  • Ionizing radiation

- 3D image is computer generated from data

77
Q

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

A

Used in blood vessel studies

78
Q

Ultrasound

A

Computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body

79
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A
  • Body is placed within a magnetic field

- Computer compiles data producing 3D image

80
Q

What is the goal of physiological processes?

A

Maintain homeostasis

81
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of internal environment

82
Q

Homeostatic imbalances

A
  • Disturbances in homeostasis can lead to disease or death if uncorrected
  • To prevent imbalance, most variables are controlled, maintained within a narrow range, close to a normal value
83
Q

Feedback mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis

A
  • Negative feedback loop

- Positive feedback loop

84
Q

Negative feedback loop

A
  • Brings stimulus back to normal range
  • Opposes initial change
  • Reduce output to get back within normal range
85
Q

Positive feedback loop

A
  • Adds to initial change in regulated variable
  • Increases output
  • Dangerous if not stopped
86
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A
  • Blood clotting: platelets attract and activate more platelets, continues until vessel is sealed by blood clot and blood loss stops
  • Childbirth: baby’s head stretches cervix –> data sent to brain –> signals uterus to produce oxytocin –> stimulates uterine contractions –> contractions move baby’s head further stretching the cervix –> process repeats until baby is born

EPCC Anatomy and Physiology 1 (24 decks)

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