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EPCC Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 4: Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

Study of normal structures of tissues

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2
Q

All tissues share what two basic components?

A
  • Discrete population of cells, related in structure and function
  • Extracellular matrix (ECM)
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3
Q

Types of tissue

A
  • Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
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4
Q

Epithelial tissue (epithelium)

A
  • Covers a surface of lines cavities of the body

- Also forms glands

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5
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connects, supports, protects, insulates, and transports

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6
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contracts to produce movement

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7
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Produces and conducts nervous impulses

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8
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Substances in liquid, thick gel, or solid form that surrounds cells of tissue

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9
Q

Components of extracellular matrix

A
  • Ground substance

- Protein fibers

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10
Q

Functions of extracellular matrix

A
  • Provides tissue with strength to resist tensile and compressive forces
  • Directs cells to proper positions within tissue and holds those cells in place
  • Regulates development, mitotic activity, and survival of cells in a tissue
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11
Q

Ground Substance

A
  • Most of the ECM

- Extracellular fluid (ECF or interstitial fluid) with water, nutrients, ions, and three families of macromolecules

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12
Q

Families of macromolecules in ground substance

A
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  • Proteoglycans
  • Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs)
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13
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

Chondroitin sulfate (small) and hyaluronic acid

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14
Q

Proteoglycans

A

GAGs bound to protein core (resembles bottle brush)

- Thousands of proteoglycans bind to very long GAG to form huge proteoglycan “aggregates”

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15
Q

Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A
  • Difference types of glycoproteins
  • Adhere cell to cell and cells to surroundings
  • Hold everything in place within ECM
  • CAMs bind to cell surface proteins as well as protein fibers and proteoglycans
  • Maintains normal tissue architecture
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16
Q

Types of protein fibers in ECM

A
  • Collagen
  • Reticular
  • Elastic
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17
Q

Collagen Fibers

A
  • Most common protein in body
  • Strong, flexible, inelastic
  • Unbranched and arranged in bundles
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18
Q

Reticular Fibers

A
  • Fills spaces between tissues and organs
  • Fine callagenous
  • Forms branching networks
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19
Q

Elastic Fibers

A
  • Returns to its original shape after distension or compression
  • Contains molecules of protain elastic that resemble coiled springs
  • Molecules are cross-linked
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20
Q

Cell Junctions

A

A way cells bind to one another

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21
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Proteins which link neighboring cell’s plasma membranes

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22
Q

Types of cell junctions

A
  • Tight junctions
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap junctions
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23
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Holds cells together, forms permeability barrier

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24
Q

Zonula Adherens

A
  • Between adjacent cells, weak glue holds cells together

- Simple epithelium

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25
Q

Zonula Occludens

A
  • Permeability barrier (e.g. stomach and urinary bladder)

- Chemicals cannot pass between cells

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26
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • Protein channels aid intercellular communication
  • Allows ions and small molecules to pass through
  • Coordinate function of cardiac and smooth muscle
  • May help coordinate movement of cilia in ciliated types of epithelium
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27
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • Disk-shaped regions of cell membrane
  • Often found in areas that are subjected to stress, can resist stretching and twisting
  • Contains especially adhesives glycoproteins
  • Intermediate protein filaments extend into cytoplasm of cells for reinforncement
  • Striated squamous epithelium of the skin
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28
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A
  • Half of a desmosome

- Attaches epithelial cells to basement membrane

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29
Q

Where are epithelial tissues located?

A
  • On EVERY internal and external body surface
  • Barrier between body and external environment
  • Lines organs and fluid-filled cavities
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30
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Protection: shields underlying tissues from mechanical and thermal injury
  • Immune defenses: forms physical barriers to prevent invasion by microorganisms
  • Secretion: forms glands that produce substances like hormones and oils; secreted into blood or through ducts respectively
  • Transport into other tissues: selectively permeable membranes; substances are able to cross these barriers via passive or active transport and enter other tissues
  • Sensation: most associated with rich nerve supply; detects changes in internal and external environments
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31
Q

What are the implications of the avascular nature of epithelial tissue?

A
  • They must obtain oxygen and nutrients by diffusion from deeper tissues
  • This requirement limits thickness
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32
Q

Components of basement membrane

A
  • Basal lamina
  • Reticular lamina
  • Together these layers glue epithelial tissue and provide a barrier to underlying connective tissue
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33
Q

Basal Lamina

A
  • ECM synthesized by epithelial cells

- Consists of collagen fibers and ground substance

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34
Q

Reticular Lamina

A
  • Synthesized by underlying connective tissue

- Consists of reticular fibers and ground substance

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35
Q

Criteria for classifying epithelial tissue

A
  • Number of cell layers

- Shape of cells

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36
Q

Simple epithelia

A

Single cell layer

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37
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

More than one cell layer

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38
Q

Squamous cells

A

Flattened

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39
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

Short

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40
Q

Columnar cells

A

Tall and elongated

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41
Q

Classifications of epithelial tissue

A
  • Simple squamous
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Simple columnar
  • Stratified squamous
  • Stratified cuboidal
  • Stratified columnar
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42
Q

Simple Squamous Structure

A

Single layer of flat cells

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43
Q

Simple Squamous Location

A 
Lining of : 
- Blood vessels 
Lymphatic vessels and small ducts
- Alveoli of lungs
- Loop of Henle in kidney tubules
- Serous membrane 
- Inner surface of the eardrum
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44
Q

Simple Squamous Functions

A
  • Diffusion
  • Filtration
  • Some protection against friction
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
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45
Q

Simple Cuboidal Location

A
  • Kidney tubules
  • Sweat glands and their ducts
  • Choroid plexus of the brain
  • Lining of terminal bronchioles
  • Surface of the ovaries
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46
Q

Simple Cuboidal Structure

A
  • Single layer of short cells

- Some types have microvilli (kidney tubules)

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47
Q

Simple Cuboidal Functions

A
  • Secretion and absorption in the kidney
  • Secretion in glands and choroid plexus
  • Movement of mucus out of the terminal
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48
Q

Simple Columnar Location

A
  • Stomach
  • Intestines
  • Glands and some ducts
  • Bronchioles of lungs
  • Auditory tubes
  • Uterus
  • Uterine tubes
  • Gallbladder
  • Bile ducts
  • Ventricles of the brain
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49
Q

Simple Columnar Structure

A
  • Single layer of tall, narrow cells

- Some have cilia or microvilli

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50
Q

Simple Columnar Functions

A
  • Secretion and absorption in stomach and the intestine
  • Movement of particles out of the bronchioles by ciliated cells
  • Aids in movement of oocytes in the uterine tubes by ciliated cells
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51
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A
  • Appears layered because nuclei are at various heights
  • Only one layer thick with basal plasma membranes
  • Found in trachea and nasal cavity
  • Ciliated
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52
Q

Stratified Squamous Locations

A
  • Mouth
  • Tongue
  • Throat
  • Larynx
  • Esophagus
  • Anus
  • Vagina
  • Inferior urethra
  • Cornea
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53
Q

Stratified Squamous Structure

A

Multiple layers of flat cells

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54
Q

Stratified Squamous Functions

A

Protection against abrasion, caustic chemicals, water loss, and infection

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55
Q

Keratinized

A

Skin

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56
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Location

A
  • Sweat gland ducts
  • Ovarian follicular cells
  • Salivary gland ducts
57
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Structure

A

Multiple layers of somewhat cube-shaped cells

58
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Functions

A

Secretion, absorption, and protection

59
Q

Stratified Columnar Location

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Mammary gland duct
  • Larynx
  • Portion of male urethra
60
Q

Stratified Columnar Structure

A
  • Multiple layers of cells with tall thin cells resting on layers of more cuboidal cells
  • Cells ciliated in the larynx
61
Q

Stratified Columnar Function

A

Protection and secretion

62
Q

Transitional Epithelium Location

A

Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra

63
Q

Transitional Epithelium Structure

A
  • Stratified

- Cells change shape depending upon amount of stretching or distention of the organ

64
Q

Gland

A
  • Structure of epithelial origin
  • Synthesizes and secretes product from designated secretory cells
  • Arises from epithelial tissue that migrated into deeper connective tissue instead of remaining at the surface
  • Classified by shape or by how products are released
65
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Without ducts

66
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

With ducts

67
Q

Secretion Types

A
  • Merocrine
  • Apocrine
  • Holocrine
68
Q

Merocrine Glands

A
  • No loss of cytoplasm
  • Secretion leaves by either active transport or exocytosis
  • EX: sweat glands
69
Q

Apocrine Glands

A
  • Fragments of the gland go into the secretion
  • Apex of cell pinches off
  • EX: mammary glands
70
Q

Holocrine Glands

A
  • Cell ruptures and dies
  • Whole cell becomes part of secretion
  • Secretion accumulates in cell
  • EX: Sebaceous glands
71
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Fluid connective tissue
  • Supporting connective tissue
72
Q

Types of connective tissue proper

A
  • Loose (areolar)
  • Dense
  • Reticular
  • Adipose
73
Q

Types of fluid connective tissue

A
  • Blood

- Lymph

74
Q

Types of supporting connective tissue

A
  • Cartilage

- Bone

75
Q

Connective Tissue Functions

A
  • Connecting and binding: anchor tissue layers in organs and link organs together
  • Support: bone and cartilage support body weight
  • Protection: bones protect internal organs, cartilage and fat absorb shock
  • Transport: blood
76
Q

Connective tissue proper

A
  • Syrupy ground substance
  • Contains varied cell populations
  • Various fiber types
77
Q

Fluid connective tissue

A
  • Dense ground substance

- Less diverse cell population

78
Q

Supporting connective tissue

A
  • Watery ground substance with dissolved proteins
79
Q

Blasts

A

Create the matrix

80
Q

Cytes

A

Maintain the matrix

81
Q

Clasts

A

Break the matrix down for remodeling

82
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A
  • Polysaccharide
  • Good lubricant
  • Vitreous humor of the eye
83
Q

Proteoglycans

A
  • Protein and polysaccharide
  • Protein part attaches to hyaluronic acid
  • Traps large amounts of water
84
Q

Adhesive molecules

A
  • Hold proteoglycan aggregates together
85
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A
  • Loose packing material of most organs and tissues
  • AKA stroma
  • Attaches skin to underlying tissues
  • Contains collagen, reticular, elastic fibers, and all five types of cells
  • Cells include fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphocytes, adipose cells, and macrophages
86
Q

What is included in the superficial fascia?

A
  • Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
87
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A
  • Parallel, tightly packed collagen fibers
  • Has abundant collagen fibers that resist stretching
  • Tendons and ligaments
88
Q

Tendons

A
  • Connects muscles to bones

- Fibers are not necessarily parallel

89
Q

Ligaments

A
  • Connects bones to bones
  • Collagen often less compact, usually flattened
  • Forms sheets or bands
90
Q

Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue

A
  • Collagen fibers arranged in a randomly oriented network
  • Forms innermost layer of the dermis of the skin, scars, capsules of kidney and spleen
  • Allows tissue to tolerate extension and recoil
  • Elastic ligaments help stabilize the positions of the vertebrae in the spinal column
  • In walls of elastic arteries
91
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A
  • Forms find 3D networks that support small structures (blood and lymphatic vessels) called stroma
  • Mostly reticular fibers produced by fibroblasts
92
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue

A
  • Fat-storing adipocytes and surrounding fibroblasts and ECM

- Can increase in size to a point where fibroblasts and ECM are scarcely visible

93
Q

Functions of adipose tissue

A
  • Fat storage (major energy reserve of the body)
  • Insulation (retains warmth)
  • Shock absorption and protection
94
Q

Types of adipose tissue

A
  • Yellow

- Brown

95
Q

Yellow Adipose Tissue

A
  • Most abundant type, has wide distribution

- What at birth and yellows with age

96
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue

A

Found only in specific areas of the body:

- Axillae, neck, and near kidneys

97
Q

Cartilage Tissue

A
  • Cells are called chondrocytes located in matrix-surrounded spaces called lacunae
  • Avascular and no nerve supply
98
Q

Ground substance of cartilage

A

Proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid with large amounts of water

99
Q

Perichondrium

A
  • Separates cartilage from surrounding tissues
  • Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage
  • Fibroblasts of perichondrium can differentiate into chondroblasts
100
Q

Types of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic
101
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Most common type
  • Avascular
  • Glassy appearance and contains collagen (not easily seen)
  • Reduce friction and provide shape
102
Q

Hyaline cartilage location

A
  • B/t tips of ribs and bones of sternum
  • Covering bone surfaces at synovial joints
  • Supports larynx, trachea, and bronchi
  • Forms part of nasal septum
103
Q

Hyaline cartilage function

A
  • Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support

- Reduces friction between bony surfaces

104
Q

Fibrocartilage Structure

A
  • Thick collagen fibers distributed in proteoglycan matrix

- Slightly compressible and very tough

105
Q

Fibrocartilage Locations

A
  • Found in areas of body where a great deal of pressure is applied to joints
  • Knee, jaw, intervertebral disk
106
Q

Fibrocartilage Functions

A
  • Resists compression
  • Prevents bone-to-bone contact
  • Limits relative movement
107
Q

Elastic Cartilage Structure

A
  • Elastic and collagen fibers embedded in proteoglycans

- Rigid by elastic properties

108
Q

Elastic Cartilage Locations

A

External ears and epiglottis

109
Q

Elastic Cartilage Functions

A
  • Involved in flexible support

- Avascular

110
Q

Bone Connective Tissue

A
  • Hard connective tissue composed of living cells (osteocytes) and mineralized matrix
111
Q

Bone Matrix

A
  • Gives strength and rigidity

- Allows bone to support and protect other tissues and organs

112
Q

Types of bone

A
  • Cancellous or spongy bone

- Compact bone

113
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • Osteoblasts that have surrounded themselves with ECM in lacunae
  • Mature cells, mostly inactive
  • Continue to make and secrete substances important for bone maintenance
114
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • “Bone-builders” on outer surface of bones
  • Closely associated with dense irregular collagenous connective tissue covering (periosteum)
  • Carry out process of bone deposition
115
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • Large, multinucleated bone destroyers
  • Carry out process of bone resorption
  • Secrete hydrogen ions enzymes that break down both inorganic and organic ECM
116
Q

Hemopoietic Tissue

A

Forms blood cells, found in bone marrow

117
Q

Types of bone marrow

A
  • Red

- Yellow

118
Q

Red bone marrow

A
  • Hemopoietic tissue surrounded by a framework of reticular fibers
  • Produces red and white cells
119
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A
  • Yellow adipose tissue

- As children grow, yellow marrow replaced much of red marrow

120
Q

Blood

A
  • ECM is fluid
  • Plasma proteins
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Platelets
121
Q

Plasma proteins

A
  • Not like fibers found in other connective tissues

- Smaller with a variety of functions, including transport of substances and blood clotting

122
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Bind to and transport oxygen throughout body

123
Q

Leukocytes

A

Function in immunity

124
Q

Platelets

A
  • Cell fragments

- Major role in blood clotting

125
Q

Characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  • Contracts or shortens with force

- Moves entire body and pumps blood

126
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
127
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • Most attached to skeleton
  • Some attached to other types of connective tissue
  • Striated and voluntary
128
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • Muscle of the heart
  • No conscious control
  • Cells are short, branched
  • Striated and involuntary
129
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • Muscle associated with tubular structures and with the skin
  • Flattened cells with one centrally located ovoid nucleus
  • Neighboring cells are linked together by gap junctions
  • Nonstriated and involuntary
130
Q

Intercalated disc

A
  • Dark line separating individual cardiac muscle cells
  • Contains gap junctions and modified tight junctions
  • Heart muscle contracts as unit
131
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • Makes up majority of brain, spinal cord, and nerves

- ECM is unique, ground substance has unique proteoglycans and contains few protein fibers

132
Q

Main cell types in nervous tissue

A
  • Neurons

- Neuroglial cells

133
Q

Neurons

A

Capable of sending and receiving messages

134
Q

Neuroglial Cells

A
  • Performs various functions
  • Supports neuron activities
  • Able to dividid by mitosis
135
Q

Functions of Neuroglial cells

A
  • Anchoring neurons and blood vessels in place
  • Monitoring composition of extracellular fluid
  • Speeding up rate of nerve impulse transmission
  • Circulating fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord
136
Q

Types of membranes

A
  • Mucous
  • Serous
  • Synovial
137
Q

Mucous Membrane

A
  • Secrete mucus
  • Contains epithelium with goblet cells, basement membrane, lamina propria (sometimes with smooth muscle)
  • Found in respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
138
Q

Serous Membrane

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium, basement membrane, thine layer of loose connective tissue
  • Lines cavities not open to the exterior
139
Q

Synovial Membrane

A
  • Lines freely moveable joints

- Produces fluid rich in hyaluronic acid

EPCC Anatomy and Physiology 1 (24 decks)

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