chapter 6 SG Flashcards
Memory
An active system that receives information from the senses
Encoding + ex
the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems
Storage + ex
holding onto information for some period of time
Retrieval _ ex
GETTING INFORMATION THAT IS IN STORAGE INTO A FORM THAT CAN BE USED
information-processing model
assumes that the processing of information for memory storage is similar o=to the way a computer processes memory-in a series of three stages
Short-Term memory
the memory system in which informatio is held for breif periods of time while bein g used; 12-30 SECONDS WITHOUT REHEARSAL
Sensory memory
the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems; only a couple seconds
Long term memory
the memory system into which all the information is plalaced to be kept more or less permanently
Iconic
visual memory
echoic
auditory memory
Selective attention + ex
the ability to ficus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input
chunking
the process of recording or reorganizing the information (like phone numbers)
Maintenance rehearsal
saying bits of information to be remembered over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory
Elaborative rehearsal
a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way
Declarative memory
explicit memory
Procedural memory
implicit memory; motor skills, habits, classically conditioned reflexes
episodic memory
events experienced by a person
semantic memory
facts, general, knowledge
Retrieval Cues + ex
stimulus for remembering
Encoding Specificity + ex
tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (e.g, surrounding or physiological state) available when the memory was first formed is also availble when the memory is being retrieved
Context-dependent learning + ex
refer to the physical surroundings a person is in when they are learning specific information
State-dependent learning
memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to remember whille in a similar state
Recall
memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be pulled from memory with very few external cues
ex: essay answers, short answers, fill in the blank
Serial position effect + ex
information at the beginning and the end of a body of information more accurately remembered than the information in the middle
Primacy effect
tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than what follows
Recency effect
tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it
False positive
error of recognition in which people think that they recognize a stimulus that is not actually in memory
Father Bernard Pagano
falsely identified by seven witnesses; another man later confessed to the crimes
Flashbulb memories
memories of highly emotional events can often seem vivid and detailed, as if the person’s mind took a flash picture
Curve of forgetting
a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually
Proactive interference + ex
memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information
Retroactive interference + ex
memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information
Consolidation
changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed
Retrograde amnesia
loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past
Anterograde amnesia
loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories
Infantile Amnesia
the inability to retrieve memories from much before age three
