chapter 6 SG

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

An active system that receives information from the senses

Question 2

Encoding + ex

Answer 2

the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems

Question 3

Storage + ex

Answer 3

holding onto information for some period of time

Question 4

Retrieval _ ex

Answer 4

GETTING INFORMATION THAT IS IN STORAGE INTO A FORM THAT CAN BE USED

Question 5

information-processing model

Answer 5

assumes that the processing of information for memory storage is similar o=to the way a computer processes memory-in a series of three stages

Question 6

Short-Term memory

Answer 6

the memory system in which informatio is held for breif periods of time while bein g used; 12-30 SECONDS WITHOUT REHEARSAL

Question 7

Sensory memory

Answer 7

the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems; only a couple seconds

Question 8

Long term memory

Answer 8

the memory system into which all the information is plalaced to be kept more or less permanently

Question 9

Iconic

Answer 9

visual memory

Question 10

echoic

Answer 10

auditory memory

Question 11

Selective attention + ex

Answer 11

the ability to ficus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

Question 12

chunking

Answer 12

the process of recording or reorganizing the information (like phone numbers)

Question 13

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 13

saying bits of information to be remembered over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

Question 14

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 14

a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way

Question 15

Declarative memory

Answer 15

explicit memory

Question 16

Procedural memory

Answer 16

implicit memory; motor skills, habits, classically conditioned reflexes

Question 17

episodic memory

Answer 17

events experienced by a person

Question 18

semantic memory

Answer 18

facts, general, knowledge

Question 19

Retrieval Cues + ex

Answer 19

stimulus for remembering

Question 20

Encoding Specificity + ex

Answer 20

tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (e.g, surrounding or physiological state) available when the memory was first formed is also availble when the memory is being retrieved

Question 21

Context-dependent learning + ex

Answer 21

refer to the physical surroundings a person is in when they are learning specific information

Question 22

State-dependent learning

Answer 22

memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to remember whille in a similar state

Question 23

Recall

Answer 23

memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be pulled from memory with very few external cues
ex: essay answers, short answers, fill in the blank

Question 24

Serial position effect + ex

Answer 24

information at the beginning and the end of a body of information more accurately remembered than the information in the middle

Question 25

Primacy effect

Answer 25

tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than what follows

Question 26

Recency effect

Answer 26

tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it

Question 27

False positive

Answer 27

error of recognition in which people think that they recognize a stimulus that is not actually in memory

Question 28

Father Bernard Pagano

Answer 28

falsely identified by seven witnesses; another man later confessed to the crimes

Question 29

Flashbulb memories

Answer 29

memories of highly emotional events can often seem vivid and detailed, as if the person’s mind took a flash picture

Question 30

Curve of forgetting

Answer 30

a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually

Question 31

Proactive interference + ex

Answer 31

memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information

Question 32

Retroactive interference + ex

Answer 32

memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information

Question 33

Consolidation

Answer 33

changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed

Question 34

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 34

loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past

Question 35

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 35

loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories

Question 36

Infantile Amnesia

Answer 36

the inability to retrieve memories from much before age three