Chapter 13

Question 1

• Personality

Answer 1

the unique and relatively stable

ways in which people think, feel, and behave

Question 2

Preconscious mind

Answer 2

: level of the mind in which

information is available but not currently conscious.

Question 3

Conscious mind

Answer 3

: level of the mind that is aware of

immediate surroundings and perceptions.

Question 4

Unconscious mind:

Answer 4

level of the mind in which
thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information
that are not easily or voluntarily brought into
consciousness are kept.

Question 5

ID

Answer 5

part of the personality present at birth;
completely unconscious.
– libido: the instinctual energy that may come into
conflict with the demands of a society’s standards for
behavior.
– pleasure principle: principle by which the id
functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without
regard for the consequences.

Question 6

EGO

Answer 6

part of the personality that develops out of
a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious,
rational, and logical.
– reality principle: principle by which the ego functions;
the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when
negative consequences will not result.

Question 7

Superego

Answer 7

part of the personality that acts as a
moral center.
– ego ideal: part of the superego that contains the
standards for moral behavior.
– conscience: part of the superego that produces pride
or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or
does not match the ego ideal.

Question 8

Denial

Answer 8

the person refuses to acknowledge or

recognize a threatening situation.

Question 9

Repression

Answer 9

the person refuses to consciously
remember a threatening or unacceptable event,
instead pushing those events into the
unconscious mind.

Question 10

Projection

Answer 10

unacceptable or threatening
impulses or feelings are seen as originating with
someone else, usually the target of the impulses
or feelings.

Question 11

Fixation

Answer 11

If the person does not fully resolve the
conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, it will
result in personality traits and behaviors
associated with that earlier stage.

Question 12

Oral stage:

Answer 12

First stage, in which the mouth is
the erogenous zone and weaning is the
primary conflict; id dominated

Question 13

Anal stage

Answer 13

Second stage, occurring between
about one and three years of age; the anus is the
erogenous zone and toilet training is the source
of conflict; ego develops.

Question 14

Anal expulsive personality

Answer 14

a person fixated in the

anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile

Question 15

Anal retentive personality:

Answer 15

a person fixated in the anal

stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn

Question 16

Phallic stage:

Answer 16

Third stage, occurring from about
three to six years of age; the child discovers
sexual feelings; superego develops

Question 17

Oedipus complex

Answer 17

situation occurring in the phallic
stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to
the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex
parent.

Question 18

Latency stage:

Answer 18

Fourth stage occurring during
the school years, in which the sexual feelings of
the child are repressed while the child develops
in other ways.

Question 19

Genital stage

Answer 19

During and after puberty, sexual

feelings reawaken with appropriate targets

Question 20

Neo-Freudians

Answer 20

followes of Freud who developed their own competing pyschodynamic theories

Question 21

Albert Bandura and Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 21

Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

Question 22

Self-Efficacy

Answer 22

indivual’s exoectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in a particular circumstance

Question 23

Carl Rogers and Unconditional Positive Regard

Answer 23

referring to the warmth, respect, and acceptaing atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy; positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached

Question 24

Trait theories

Answer 24

theories that enfeacor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effor to predict future behavior

Question 25

Openness

Answer 25

willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

Question 26

Conscientiousness

Answer 26

the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others, dependability

Question 27

Agreeableness

Answer 27

the emotional style of a person that may ranfe from easygoing friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasnt

Question 28

Extraversion

Answer 28

dimension of personality reffering to one’s need to be with other people

Question 29

Neuroticism

Answer 29

degree of emotional instabiliy or stability

Question 30

Projective tests

Answer 30

personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind

Question 31

Rorschach test

Answer 31

projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli

Question 32

Thematic Apperception test

Answer 32

projective test that usees 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli

Question 33

Personality inventory

Answer 33

paper and pencil or computerized test that consists od statements that require, standardized respnse from the person taking the test