Chapter 1,2,3 Study Guide

Question 1

Definition of Psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 2

What is Bias?

Answer 2

personal judgement based on beliefs rather than facts

Question 3

The goals of Psychology

Answer 3

Description, explanation, prediction, control

Question 4

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 4

father of Psychology

developed the technique of objective introspection

Question 5

Objective Introspection

Answer 5

the process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thought and mental activities; reflection of oneself

Question 6

Structuralism

Answer 6

structure of the mind; every experience could be broken into its individual emotions and sensations

Question 7

William JAmes

Answer 7

taught Psych at Harvard; more interested in the whY of thinking than he how or what

Question 8

Functionalism

Answer 8

how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play

Question 9

Gestalt psychology

Answer 9

the whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts

Question 10

Sigmund Frued

Answer 10

Psychoanalysis is based on his theory; his patients suffered from nervous disorders with no apparent physical cause. HE proposed the existence of an unconscious (unaware) mind into which we push-or repress-or threatening urges and desires

Question 11

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 11

A reflex could be caused in response to a previously unrelated stimulus

Question 12

Humanistic Perspective

Answer 12

Emphasizes the human potential, the ability of each person to become the nest person he or she could be (self actualization)

Question 13

sociocultural perspective

Answer 13

focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture

Question 14

biopsychological perspective

Answer 14

attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influence, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system

Question 15

evolutionary perspective

Answer 15

focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share

Question 16

Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist

Answer 16

Psychologist: basic research, purpose is to gain scientific knowledge
Psychiatrist: medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

Question 17

3 most popular work setting for a psychologist?

Answer 17

4 year colleges or universities, self-employed psychologist, those working for private or profit businesses

Question 18

role of psychiatric social worker

Answer 18

social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact of mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse

Question 19

Steps in the scientific method

Answer 19

1) perceive the question
2) form a hypothesis: tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on obs
3) test the hypothesis
4) draw conclusions
5) report your results so that others can try to replicate, or repeat, the study or experiment to see whether the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results

Question 20

Naturalistic obs

Answer 20

watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment

Question 21

Observer Effect

Answer 21

tendency of people or animals to behave differently when they know they are being observed

Question 22

Case Studies

Answer 22

ADV: detail
DisADV: fails to generalize, vulnerability to bias
longitudinal study

Question 23

REpresentative sample

Answer 23

they could randomly select a certain number of college freshmen from several different colleges across US

Question 24

Correlation

Answer 24

measure of the relationships between two variables; variable:anything that can change or vary

Question 25

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 25

numerical value that represent the strength and direction of the realtionship

Question 26

Operational definition

Answer 26

definition of a variable that allows it to be measured

Question 27

Dependent variable

Answer 27

outcome

Question 28

independent

Answer 28

cause

Question 29

Cofounding variable

Answer 29

variables that interfere with each other and their possibile effects on some other variable of interest

Question 30

Random Assignment

Answer 30

The process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly

Question 31

Single Blind study

Answer 31

subjects do not know whether they are in the experimental or the control group (reduces placebo effect)