Chapter 5 SG Flashcards
What is learning?
Any relatively permanent change in behavior about by experience or practice
Why is learning said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior?
When people learn anything, some part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned
Classical Conditioning (and examples)
learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
Ivan Pavlov and his contributions to classical conditioning
discovered classical conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
the reflexive response tot he unconditioned stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Stimulus that produces a learned reflex response by being paired with the original UCS (after learning occurs)
Conditioned Response (CR)
same as the UCR, but in response to a CS (the LEARNED reflex to a CONDITIONED response)
Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning
1) The CS must be presented before the UCS
2) the CS and UCS must come very close together in time, ideal if no more than 5 seconds apart
3) The neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times before conditioning can take place
4) The CS is usually a stimulus that is distinctive and stands out from other competing stimuli
Stimulus generalization
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is simliar to the original conditioned stimulus
Extinction in classical conditioning
Disappearance or weaking of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US)
Spontaneous Recovery
reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
Higher-Order Conditioning
1) strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus
2) neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)
emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli
Vicarious Conditioning
to become classicallt conditioned by simply watching someone the respond to a stimulus
Conditioned Taste Aversion
development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular tatse because that taste was followed but a nausea reaction, occurring after only one associration
Operant Conditioning
the kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior
Throndike and the Puzzle Box
Read book
Thorndike’s law of Effect
If an action is followed by a pleasurable experience it will be repeated. If an action is followed by an unpleasant experience, it will tend not to be repeated.
Reinforcement
Anything that when following a response,
causes that response to be more likely to happen again.
In operant conditioning, reinforcement is the key to learning
Primary reiforcer + example
a reinforcer that fulfills a basic need
Secondary Reiforcer + example
gets its reiforcing properties from being associated with primary reindorcers in the past
Positive Reinforecement + example
the reinforcement of
a response by the addition or experience of a
pleasurable stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
: the reinforcement
of a response by the removal, escape from,
or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
Partial reinforcement effect + ex
a response
that is reinforced after some—but not all—
correct responses tends to be very
resistant to extinction
Continuous reinforcement: + ex
reinforcement
of each and every correct response
Interval Schedule
timing of response is more important
fixed interval + ex + graph
The amount of time that passes before
reinforcement is the same.
variable interval + ex
The number of responses required for
reinforcement is different for each trial or
event
Fixed Ratio + ex
the number of responses required to receive each reinforcer will always be the same number
Punishment vs. Reinforcement
Punishment is opp of reinforcement. It is any event or stimulus that, when following a response, causes that response to be less likely to happen again. Punishment weakens responses, whereas reinforcement (no matter whhether it is positive or negative) stregthens responses
Punishment by application
the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant simulus
Shaping
the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired, more complex behavior
Successive approximation
small steps one ffter the other that get close and closer to the goal
Latent Learning
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
Learned helplesness
the tendency to fail to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
it was discovered as selifman and his colleagues were doing classical conditioning experiments of dogs
Observational Learning + ex
learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
