Chapter 5 SG

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

Any relatively permanent change in behavior about by experience or practice

Question 2

Why is learning said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior?

Answer 2

When people learn anything, some part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned

Question 3

Classical Conditioning (and examples)

Answer 3

learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Question 4

Ivan Pavlov and his contributions to classical conditioning

Answer 4

discovered classical conditioning

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 5

naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

Question 6

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 6

the reflexive response tot he unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 7

Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response

Question 8

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 8

Stimulus that produces a learned reflex response by being paired with the original UCS (after learning occurs)

Question 9

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 9

same as the UCR, but in response to a CS (the LEARNED reflex to a CONDITIONED response)

Question 10

Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning

Answer 10

1) The CS must be presented before the UCS
2) the CS and UCS must come very close together in time, ideal if no more than 5 seconds apart
3) The neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times before conditioning can take place
4) The CS is usually a stimulus that is distinctive and stands out from other competing stimuli

Question 11

Stimulus generalization

Answer 11

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is simliar to the original conditioned stimulus

Question 12

Extinction in classical conditioning

Answer 12

Disappearance or weaking of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 13

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 13

reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Question 14

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 14

1) strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus
2) neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus

Question 15

Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

Answer 15

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

Question 16

Vicarious Conditioning

Answer 16

to become classicallt conditioned by simply watching someone the respond to a stimulus

Question 17

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Answer 17

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular tatse because that taste was followed but a nausea reaction, occurring after only one associration

Question 18

Operant Conditioning

Answer 18

the kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior

Question 19

Throndike and the Puzzle Box

Answer 19

Read book

Question 20

Thorndike’s law of Effect

Answer 20

If an action is followed by a pleasurable experience it will be repeated. If an action is followed by an unpleasant experience, it will tend not to be repeated.

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

Anything that when following a response,
causes that response to be more likely to happen again.
In operant conditioning, reinforcement is the key to learning

Question 22

Primary reiforcer + example

Answer 22

a reinforcer that fulfills a basic need

Question 23

Secondary Reiforcer + example

Answer 23

gets its reiforcing properties from being associated with primary reindorcers in the past

Question 24

Positive Reinforecement + example

Answer 24

the reinforcement of
a response by the addition or experience of a
pleasurable stimulus

Question 25

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 25

: the reinforcement
of a response by the removal, escape from,
or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Question 26

Partial reinforcement effect + ex

Answer 26

a response
that is reinforced after some—but not all—
correct responses tends to be very
resistant to extinction

Question 27

Continuous reinforcement: + ex

Answer 27

reinforcement

of each and every correct response

Question 28

Interval Schedule

Answer 28

timing of response is more important

Question 29

fixed interval + ex + graph

Answer 29

The amount of time that passes before

reinforcement is the same.

Question 30

variable interval + ex

Answer 30

The number of responses required for
reinforcement is different for each trial or
event

Question 31

Fixed Ratio + ex

Answer 31

the number of responses required to receive each reinforcer will always be the same number

Question 32

Punishment vs. Reinforcement

Answer 32

Punishment is opp of reinforcement. It is any event or stimulus that, when following a response, causes that response to be less likely to happen again. Punishment weakens responses, whereas reinforcement (no matter whhether it is positive or negative) stregthens responses

Question 33

Punishment by application

Answer 33

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant simulus

Question 34

Shaping

Answer 34

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

Question 35

Successive approximation

Answer 35

small steps one ffter the other that get close and closer to the goal

Question 36

Latent Learning

Answer 36

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Question 37

Learned helplesness

Answer 37

the tendency to fail to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
it was discovered as selifman and his colleagues were doing classical conditioning experiments of dogs

Question 38

Observational Learning + ex

Answer 38

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior