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COA Vocabulary > Chapter 6: Ophthalmic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Ophthalmic Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of the medicinal use and actions of drugs

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2
Q

Medications

A

Also called Drugs, and are chiefly used for diagnosis and treatment of diseases

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3
Q

Delivery Systems of Drugs:

A
  1. Topical Systems
  2. Injections
  3. Oral Systems
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4
Q

Topical Systems

A

A route of drug administration in which the medication is applied to the surface of the eye
Can be in the form of: liquids, gels, or ointments

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5
Q

Oral Systems

A

A route of drug administration in which the medication is taken by mouth
Can be in the form of: tablets, liquids, capsules, powders
EX: Diamox (used for glaucoma and IIH

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6
Q

Injections

A

A route of drug administration in which the drug is administered through a hypodermic needle
Types of injections:
1. Intravenous
2. Intramuscular
3. Periocular (around the eyeball)
4. Subcutaneous

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7
Q

Types of Intravitreal Injections

A

Corticosteroids: Trivaris, Treisence
VEGF: Lucentis, Avastin, Eyelea

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8
Q

Implantable Intraocular Drug Delivery Devices

A

A form of injectable medication where a small device that contains a store of medication is injected into the eye. Afterwards, the device will deliver steady doses of the medication, thus reducing the number of injections that the patients needs.
EX: corticosteroids (Retisert, Illuvian) and dexamethasone (Ozurdex)

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9
Q

Solution

A

A form of liquid medication where the medication is completely dissolved in an inert liquid
Pros: easy to apply, tends to not alter vision
Cons: does not last as long, patient compliance

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10
Q

Vehicle

A

The nonmedication portion of medication

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11
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Refers to the property where a substance resists or repels water

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12
Q

Suspension

A

The form of medication in which the particles of the medication are suspended in a liquid vehicle
Pros: easy to apply, tends to not alter vision
Cons: does not last as long, medication can fall to the bottom of the bottle (needs to be shaken), patient compliance

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13
Q

Ointment or Gel

A

The form of a medication where the drug is suspended or dissolved in a greasy vehicle or thickened, water-soluble matrix
Pros: stays in contact with the eye much longer
Cons: not as easy to apply, can affect vision

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14
Q

Systemic Drug Delivery

A

A route of drug administration in which the drug is delivered to the entire body through the cardiovascular system.
Can be done through Intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injections, or through oral medications

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15
Q

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

A

A protein substance that stimulates the formation of new blood vessels

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16
Q

Mydriasis

A

Increase in the pupil size that occurs artificially with the application of certain drugs or in dim lighting

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17
Q

Mydriatics

A

A drug that dilates the pupil by causing the iris dilating muscle to contract and/or paralyzing the iris sphincter muscle
Color Top: RED
Used for: examination of fundus, improving vision
Side Effects: stinging with application, headache, increased blood pressure, photophobia, Onset of Angle Closure Glaucoma

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18
Q

Reversal Agents

A

A drug that can reverse the effects of Mydriatics. NOT AVAILABLE IN THE US
EX: Rev-Eyes (Dapiprazole)
Side Effects: Stinging, redness

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19
Q

Cycloplegia

A

Temporary paralysis of the ciliary muscle (preventing accommodation) and of the iris sphincter muscle (preventing constriction of the pupil)

20
Q

Cycloplegics

A

A drug that temporarily paralyzes the iris sphincter muscle, which passively causes dilation of the pupil. This is how they differ from Mydriatics, which do not paralyze accommodation.
Color Top: RED TOP
Uses: cycloplegic refractions, fundus examination, treating uveitis, treating post-op intraocular inflammation
Side Effects: blurred vision, photophobia, dry mouth, fever, rapid heart rate, dizziness, disorientation, ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
EX: Tropicamide (Mydriacyl), Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl), Homatropine, Scopolamine, Atropine

21
Q

Dyes

A

A drug used to temporarily stain cells or systems within the eye to outline or highlight defects in their structure or function. These can either be topical or systemic.

22
Q

Fluorescein

A

A dye solution that is used in applanation tonometry and in fluorescein angiography.
Can be used to detect defects in the tear film, as well as leaks from the Anterior Chamber
Fluorescein angiography is used to detect defects in retinal blood vessels

23
Q

Rose Bengal

A

A dye solution that is used topically on the cornea for diagnostic purposes to identify devitalized tissue

24
Q

Lissamine Green

A

A dye solution that is used topically on the cornea for diagnostic purposes to detect dry eye disease

25
Q

Anesthetics

A

A drug that causes temporary numbing of a nerve, resulting in the loss of sensation in the surrounding tissue, muscle paralysis.
Can be either Topical or Injectable
Color Top: WHITE
Topical anesthetics can cause cornea toxicity if used frequently, and injectables have a potential allergic response
EX: Benoxinate (Fluress), Lidocaine, Proparacaine, Tetracaine

26
Q

Miotic Agents

A

A drug that causes the iris sphincter muscle to contract, producing Miosis (pupillary constriction), which reduces the amount of light entering the eye; can be used to help treat episodes of angle-closure glaucoma
Color Top: DARK GREEN
EX: Pilocarpine and Carbachol
Side Effects: increase in vision, increase in accommodation, increase in aqueous outflow

27
Q

Glaucoma Medications

A

A drug that is aimed at reducing the intraocular pressure of the eye, through one or more methods of action.

28
Q

Beta-Adrenergic Blockers

A

A glaucoma drug that works by decreasing aqueous fluid production in the eye, and are often used in conjunction with other glaucoma eyedrops.
Color Top: YELLOW
EX: Betagan, Timolol, Betaxolol, Timoptic
Side Effects: decreased heart rate

29
Q

Adrenergic-Stimulating Agents

A

A glaucoma medication that works by increasing aqueous outflow. NOT CURRENTLY USED IN THE US
EX: Epinephrine and Propine

30
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

A

A glaucoma medication that works by decreasing the formation and secretion of aqueous humor
Color Top: ORANGE
EX: Brinzolamide (Azopt), Trusopt, (Oral): Diamox (Acetazolamide), Neptazane
Side Effects (oral): tingling/numbness in hands and feet, loss of appetite, metallic taste in mouth, kidney stones

31
Q

Alpha Selective Agonists

A

A glaucoma medication that works by decreasing the rate of aqueous humor production
Color Top: PURPLE
EX: Alphagan, Brimonidine, Iopidine
Side Effects: itchiness, redness, mild pupil dilation

32
Q

Prostaglandins

A

A glaucoma medication that works by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye by non-trabecular meshwork pathways
Color Top: TEAL
EX: Latanoprost, Lumigan, Travatan, Vyzulta, Xalatan, Zioptan
Side Effects: stimulation of eyelash growth and eyelid skin

33
Q

Hyperosmotics

A

A glaucoma medication that works by drawing fluid out of the aqueous and vitreous humors through osmosis
EX: Osmoglyn (glycerin- oral) and Osmitrol (mannitol- injectable)

34
Q

Combination Agents

A

A glaucoma medication that combines one or more glaucoma medications that use different methods of lowering IOP.

35
Q

Beta-Blocker Combinations

A

A glaucoma medication that combines 2 medications
Color Top: DARK BLUE
EX: Combigan (Brimonidine-Timolol), Cosopt (Dorzolamide-Timolol)

36
Q

Alpha-Agonist Combinations

A

A glaucoma medication that combines 2 medications
Color Top: LIME GREEN
EX: Simbrinza (Brinzolamide-Brimonidine)

37
Q

Antimicrobial Agents

A

A drug that is used to combat an infection from a microbe (bacteria, fungus, or virus)

38
Q

Antibiotics

A

A drug that is used to treat a bacterial infections; they inhibit bacterial cell growth
Color Top: TAN
EX: Gentamycin, Moxifloxacin, Tobramycin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Levofloxacin, Polymyxin/Trimethoprim, Azithromycin, Ofloxacin
Side Effects: allergic reaction

39
Q

Antivirals

A

A drug that combats a viral infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to reproduce
Color Top: TAN
EX: Viroptic (Trifluridine) and Zirgan

40
Q

Antifungals

A

A drug that combats a fungal infection
Color Top: White
EX: Fungizone, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole
Side Effects; Corneal toxicity

41
Q

Antiallergic and Anti-Inflammatory Agents

A

A drug that is used to treat inflammation and allergic reactions
Color Top: PINK, GREY, or OLIVE GREEN

42
Q

Corticosteroids

A

A drug (derived from hormones) that combats and allergic or inflammatory response
Color Top: PINK
EX: Lotemax (Loteprednol), Prenisolone Acetate, Difluprednate
Side Effects: potential increased risk for infection, increased IOP

43
Q

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

A

A drug that is used to combat inflammation, without the use of steroids
Color Top: GREY
Ex: Ketorolac, Bromfenac, Nephafenac, Diclofenac

44
Q

Lubricants

A

A drug that is used to help maintain the tear film and help with moisture
EX: Systane, Refresh, GenTeal, Thera Tears

45
Q

Immunomodulators

A

A drug that is used in the treatment of tear deficiency associated with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions
EX: Cyclosporine, Restasis, Xiidra

46
Q

Prescription Interpretation

A

Information required:
1) Patient’s information
2) Name of the drug and strength
3) Total amount being dispensed
4) Directions for use
5) Signature of the Dr

COA Vocabulary (17 decks)

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