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COA Vocabulary > Chapter 6: Ophthalmic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Ophthalmic Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of the medicinal use and actions of drugs

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2
Q

Medications

A

Also called Drugs, and are chiefly used for diagnosis and treatment of diseases

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3
Q

Delivery Systems of Drugs:

A
  1. Topical Systems
  2. Injections
  3. Oral Systems
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4
Q

Topical Systems

A

A route of drug administration in which the medication is applied to the surface of the eye
Can be in the form of: liquids, gels, or ointments

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5
Q

Oral Systems

A

A route of drug administration in which the medication is taken by mouth
Can be in the form of: tablets, liquids, capsules, powders
EX: Diamox (used for glaucoma and IIH

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6
Q

Injections

A

A route of drug administration in which the drug is administered through a hypodermic needle
Types of injections:
1. Intravenous
2. Intramuscular
3. Periocular (around the eyeball)
4. Subcutaneous

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7
Q

Types of Intravitreal Injections

A

Corticosteroids: Trivaris, Treisence
VEGF: Lucentis, Avastin, Eyelea

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8
Q

Implantable Intraocular Drug Delivery Devices

A

A form of injectable medication where a small device that contains a store of medication is injected into the eye. Afterwards, the device will deliver steady doses of the medication, thus reducing the number of injections that the patients needs.
EX: corticosteroids (Retisert, Illuvian) and dexamethasone (Ozurdex)

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9
Q

Solution

A

A form of liquid medication where the medication is completely dissolved in an inert liquid
Pros: easy to apply, tends to not alter vision
Cons: does not last as long, patient compliance

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10
Q

Vehicle

A

The nonmedication portion of medication

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11
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Refers to the property where a substance resists or repels water

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12
Q

Suspension

A

The form of medication in which the particles of the medication are suspended in a liquid vehicle
Pros: easy to apply, tends to not alter vision
Cons: does not last as long, medication can fall to the bottom of the bottle (needs to be shaken), patient compliance

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13
Q

Ointment or Gel

A

The form of a medication where the drug is suspended or dissolved in a greasy vehicle or thickened, water-soluble matrix
Pros: stays in contact with the eye much longer
Cons: not as easy to apply, can affect vision

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14
Q

Systemic Drug Delivery

A

A route of drug administration in which the drug is delivered to the entire body through the cardiovascular system.
Can be done through Intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injections, or through oral medications

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15
Q

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

A

A protein substance that stimulates the formation of new blood vessels

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16
Q

Mydriasis

A

Increase in the pupil size that occurs artificially with the application of certain drugs or in dim lighting

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17
Q

Mydriatics

A

A drug that dilates the pupil by causing the iris dilating muscle to contract and/or paralyzing the iris sphincter muscle
Color Top: RED
Used for: examination of fundus, improving vision
Side Effects: stinging with application, headache, increased blood pressure, photophobia, Onset of Angle Closure Glaucoma

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18
Q

Reversal Agents

A

A drug that can reverse the effects of Mydriatics. NOT AVAILABLE IN THE US
EX: Rev-Eyes (Dapiprazole)
Side Effects: Stinging, redness

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19
Q

Cycloplegia

A

Temporary paralysis of the ciliary muscle (preventing accommodation) and of the iris sphincter muscle (preventing constriction of the pupil)

20
Q

Cycloplegics

A

A drug that temporarily paralyzes the iris sphincter muscle, which passively causes dilation of the pupil. This is how they differ from Mydriatics, which do not paralyze accommodation.
Color Top: RED TOP
Uses: cycloplegic refractions, fundus examination, treating uveitis, treating post-op intraocular inflammation
Side Effects: blurred vision, photophobia, dry mouth, fever, rapid heart rate, dizziness, disorientation, ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
EX: Tropicamide (Mydriacyl), Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl), Homatropine, Scopolamine, Atropine

21
Q

Dyes

A

A drug used to temporarily stain cells or systems within the eye to outline or highlight defects in their structure or function. These can either be topical or systemic.

22
Q

Fluorescein

A

A dye solution that is used in applanation tonometry and in fluorescein angiography.
Can be used to detect defects in the tear film, as well as leaks from the Anterior Chamber
Fluorescein angiography is used to detect defects in retinal blood vessels

23
Q

Rose Bengal

A

A dye solution that is used topically on the cornea for diagnostic purposes to identify devitalized tissue

24
Q

Lissamine Green

A

A dye solution that is used topically on the cornea for diagnostic purposes to detect dry eye disease

25
Anesthetics
A drug that causes temporary numbing of a nerve, resulting in the loss of sensation in the surrounding tissue, muscle paralysis. Can be either Topical or Injectable Color Top: WHITE Topical anesthetics can cause cornea toxicity if used frequently, and injectables have a potential allergic response EX: Benoxinate (Fluress), Lidocaine, Proparacaine, Tetracaine
26
Miotic Agents
A drug that causes the iris sphincter muscle to contract, producing Miosis (pupillary constriction), which reduces the amount of light entering the eye; can be used to help treat episodes of angle-closure glaucoma Color Top: DARK GREEN EX: Pilocarpine and Carbachol Side Effects: increase in vision, increase in accommodation, increase in aqueous outflow
27
Glaucoma Medications
A drug that is aimed at reducing the intraocular pressure of the eye, through one or more methods of action.
28
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
A glaucoma drug that works by decreasing aqueous fluid production in the eye, and are often used in conjunction with other glaucoma eyedrops. Color Top: YELLOW EX: Betagan, Timolol, Betaxolol, Timoptic Side Effects: decreased heart rate
29
Adrenergic-Stimulating Agents
A glaucoma medication that works by increasing aqueous outflow. NOT CURRENTLY USED IN THE US EX: Epinephrine and Propine
30
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
A glaucoma medication that works by decreasing the formation and secretion of aqueous humor Color Top: ORANGE EX: Brinzolamide (Azopt), Trusopt, (Oral): Diamox (Acetazolamide), Neptazane Side Effects (oral): tingling/numbness in hands and feet, loss of appetite, metallic taste in mouth, kidney stones
31
Alpha Selective Agonists
A glaucoma medication that works by decreasing the rate of aqueous humor production Color Top: PURPLE EX: Alphagan, Brimonidine, Iopidine Side Effects: itchiness, redness, mild pupil dilation
32
Prostaglandins
A glaucoma medication that works by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye by non-trabecular meshwork pathways Color Top: TEAL EX: Latanoprost, Lumigan, Travatan, Vyzulta, Xalatan, Zioptan Side Effects: stimulation of eyelash growth and eyelid skin
33
Hyperosmotics
A glaucoma medication that works by drawing fluid out of the aqueous and vitreous humors through osmosis EX: Osmoglyn (glycerin- oral) and Osmitrol (mannitol- injectable)
34
Combination Agents
A glaucoma medication that combines one or more glaucoma medications that use different methods of lowering IOP.
35
Beta-Blocker Combinations
A glaucoma medication that combines 2 medications Color Top: DARK BLUE EX: Combigan (Brimonidine-Timolol), Cosopt (Dorzolamide-Timolol)
36
Alpha-Agonist Combinations
A glaucoma medication that combines 2 medications Color Top: LIME GREEN EX: Simbrinza (Brinzolamide-Brimonidine)
37
Antimicrobial Agents
A drug that is used to combat an infection from a microbe (bacteria, fungus, or virus)
38
Antibiotics
A drug that is used to treat a bacterial infections; they inhibit bacterial cell growth Color Top: TAN EX: Gentamycin, Moxifloxacin, Tobramycin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Levofloxacin, Polymyxin/Trimethoprim, Azithromycin, Ofloxacin Side Effects: allergic reaction
39
Antivirals
A drug that combats a viral infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to reproduce Color Top: TAN EX: Viroptic (Trifluridine) and Zirgan
40
Antifungals
A drug that combats a fungal infection Color Top: White EX: Fungizone, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole Side Effects; Corneal toxicity
41
Antiallergic and Anti-Inflammatory Agents
A drug that is used to treat inflammation and allergic reactions Color Top: PINK, GREY, or OLIVE GREEN
42
Corticosteroids
A drug (derived from hormones) that combats and allergic or inflammatory response Color Top: PINK EX: Lotemax (Loteprednol), Prenisolone Acetate, Difluprednate Side Effects: potential increased risk for infection, increased IOP
43
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
A drug that is used to combat inflammation, without the use of steroids Color Top: GREY Ex: Ketorolac, Bromfenac, Nephafenac, Diclofenac
44
Lubricants
A drug that is used to help maintain the tear film and help with moisture EX: Systane, Refresh, GenTeal, Thera Tears
45
Immunomodulators
A drug that is used in the treatment of tear deficiency associated with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions EX: Cyclosporine, Restasis, Xiidra
46
Prescription Interpretation
Information required: 1) Patient's information 2) Name of the drug and strength 3) Total amount being dispensed 4) Directions for use 5) Signature of the Dr

COA Vocabulary (19 decks)

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