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COA Vocabulary > Chapter 3: Diseases and Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Diseases and Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Pathologic

A

Abnormal, or diseased

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2
Q

Etiology

A

The study of the causes of disease

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3
Q

Types of Diseases

A

Infectious
Inflammation
Allergic
Ischemic
Metabolic
Congenital
Developmental
Degenerative
Neoplastic
Traumatic

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4
Q

Microorganisms

A

A microscopic life form

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5
Q

Infection

A

The invasion and multiplication of harmful microorganisms in the body’s tissues
Can be either local or diffuse

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6
Q

Inflammation

A

A local protective tissue response to infection, injury, or irritation in which specialized cells move to the affected area
Characterized by: redness, pain, swelling, warmth

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7
Q

Acute

A

Refers to a condition that flares up suddenly and persists for a short time

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8
Q

Chronic

A

Refers to a condition that has persisted for a longer period of time

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9
Q

Immune Reaction

A

The body’s response to infections, in which antibodies are manufactured to neutralize the infection microorganism and perhaps prevent recurrence of infection

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10
Q

Antibodies

A

A chemical substance that the body manufactures to neutralize infecting microorganisms, toxin, or foreign agent

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11
Q

Allergic Reactions

A

A condition in which that body produces antibodies to foreign materials such as food, plant pollens, or medications

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12
Q

Ischemia

A

A condition in which the blood supply has been severely reduced to a tissue

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13
Q

Hypoxia

A

A loss of oxygen

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14
Q

Metabolism

A

The physical and chemical processes by which the body converts food into energy and new body tissues

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15
Q

Enzymes

A

Substances produced by cells to accelerate or promote a biochemical reaction

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16
Q

Hormones

A

Regulating substances produced by various endocrine glands, and transported by the blood to targeted organs to initiate a specific reaction or effect

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17
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

The disease complex caused by excessive secretion of thyroid hormone

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18
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

The disease complex caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal hormone cortisol

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19
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

A metabolic disorder resulting from insufficient or absent insulin production from the pancreas

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20
Q

Inulin

A

A hormone of the body that regulates blood sugar metabolism

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21
Q

Congenital

A

Refers to any disease process or effect that is present from birth

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22
Q

Genetic

A

Refers to a trait that is inherited from either or both parents

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23
Q

Degenerative

A

Refers to any process in which the structure or function of body tissues gradually deteriorates

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24
Q

Neoplasm

A

A new growth of different or abnormal tissue, such as a tumor or wart

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25
Q

Benign

A

Refers to any tumor that is not dangerous to the well-being of the individual

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26
Q

Malignant

A

Term used to describe a condition that tends to become worse and to cause severe problems or death

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27
Q

Trauma

A

Physical injury to body tissue from various causes: Chemical, Temperature, and Manual

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28
Q

Metastasize

A

The transfer of disease from one organ or part to another that is not directly connected

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29
Q

Toxins

A

A poison

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30
Q

Thermal Trauma

A

Refers to injury that results from burning or freezing of tissues

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31
Q

Chemical Trauma

A

Refers to injury caused by chemical, such as an acid or alkali

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32
Q

Symptoms

A

A subjective abnormality that cannot be directly observed by another person but only perceived by the patient
EX: Pain, Blurred vision

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33
Q

Signs

A

An abnormal physical change observed objectively by the physician upon examination

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34
Q

Syndrome

A

A set of symptoms that is characteristic of a specific disease or condition

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35
Q

Proptosis

A

A condition characterized by a protruding eyeball, caused by an increase in the volume of the orbital contents
Also called Exophthalmos

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36
Q

Thyroid Eye Disease

A

A condition of unknown origin that involves the thyroid gland and causes the soft tissues surrounding the globe to swell
Als called Grave’s Disease

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37
Q

Unilateral Proptosis

A

The forward protrusion of one eyeball from the socket

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38
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Rapid loss of a large amount of blood from a damaged blood vessel

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39
Q

Edema

A

Swelling caused by the abnormal presence of fluid in tissues

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40
Q

Orbital Cellulitis

A

A diffuse infection of tissues in the orbit, causing grossly swollen eyelids and red eye, sometimes without proptosis

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41
Q

Sinuses

A

A bony cavern of the skull that contains air and connects with the nasal passages

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42
Q

Blowout Fracture

A

An injury caused by blunt force trauma applied to the eye, creating pressure that fractures one of the orbital bones

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43
Q

Strabismus

A

A misalignment of the eyes that may cause vision to be disturbed; occurs when the EOMs do not work in a coordinated manner

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44
Q

Exo Deviation

A

The outward deviation of the eye

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45
Q

Eso Deviation

A

The inward deviation of the eye

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46
Q

Hypo Deviation

A

The downward deviation of the eye

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47
Q

Hyper Deviation

A

The upward deviation of the eye

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48
Q

Tropia

A

An obvious misalignment of the eye, present all the time

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49
Q

Phoria

A

A tendency toward ocular misalignment that is held in check by fusional effort of the EOMs

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50
Q

Stereopsis

A

3D visual perception

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51
Q

Suppression

A

The brain’s mechanism to avoid double vision by ignoring the image from one eye. The brain loses this ability after childhood.

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52
Q

Amblyopia

A

Decreased vision present without apparent abnormalities in the ocular anatomy and uncorrectable by glasses or contact lenses.
Results from visual deprivation early in childhood

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53
Q

Nystagmus

A

A condition in which the eyes continually shift in rhythmic, side-to-side, up-and-down, or rotary motion and then snap back to normal position

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54
Q

Null Point

A

An abnormal head position that patients with nystagmus adopt in order to see better; accomplished with either a head tilt or turning the head

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55
Q

Abscess

A

A localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue

56
Q

Stye

A

An infection or inflammation of a Zeis gland located on the eyelid margin in a lash follicle
Also called External Hordeolum

57
Q

Chalazion

A

A chronic inflammation resulting from an obstructed Meibomian gland in the eyelids. This is the chronic form of External Hordeolum

58
Q

Blepharitis

A

A common inflammation of the eyelid margin

59
Q

Ptosis

A

Drooping of the upper eyelid most commonly caused by the levator muscle’s inability to lift the eyelid to its full extent
Can be congenital or acquired

60
Q

Ectropion

A

A condition in which the eyelid margin is everted (turned outward) from the globe

61
Q

Entropion

A

A condition in which the upper or lower eyelid if inverted (turned inward)

62
Q

Trichiasis

A

An abnormality of the eyelid that causes eyelashes to turn in the wrong direction and rub against the cornea

63
Q

Lagophthalmos

A

A condition in which the globe is not completely covered when the eyelids are closed
Can be caused by facial-nerve paralysis or enlarged/protruding eyes

64
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

The most common malignment eyelid tumor, characterized by a pit surrounded by raised “pearly” edges

65
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

A

Inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva caused by dry eyes

66
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

An inflammation of the conjunctiva that causes swelling of the small conjunctival blood vessels, making the eye appear red.
Also called Pink Eye
Caused by bacterial or viral infections, allergies, or exposure to environmental agent

67
Q

Ophthalmia Neonatorum

A

Conjunctivitis in a newborn

68
Q

Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

A

A ruptured of the conjunctival blood vessel that allows blood to flow under the tissue and produces a bright red, flat area on the cunjunctiva

69
Q

Pinguecula

A

A thickened, benign, yellowish area of the bulbar conjunctiva on the temporal or nasal side of the cornea in the exposed portion of the eyeball

70
Q

Pterygium

A

A lesion of hypertrophied tissue that extends from medial canthus onto the cornea

71
Q

Nevi

A

Freckles, common tumors involving the retina, bulbar conjunctiva, and skin. Appear yellowish pink, or brown.

72
Q

Keratitis

A

Inflammation of the cornea

73
Q

Abrasion

A

A scratch

74
Q

Laceration

A

A traumatic cut

75
Q

Lesion

A

An abnormal tissue or break in a normal tissue

76
Q

Corneal Ulcer

A

Pathologic condition involving a defect in the corneal surface and associated with inflammation
Infectious ulcers are caused by microorganisms

77
Q

Hypopyon

A

The accumulation of pus in the anterior chamber of the

78
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus

A

A type of virus that infects the cornea, producing dendritic ulcers

79
Q

Dendritic

A

Branch-shaped

80
Q

Arcus Senilis

A

A common degenerative change in which the outer edge of the cornea gradually becomes opaque; generally seen over the age of 50

81
Q

Keratoconus

A

A rare degenerative corneal condition in which the center of the cornea thins and assumes the shape of a cone, seriously affecting vision

82
Q

Scleritis

A

Inflammation of the sclera

83
Q

Episcleritis

A

Inflammation of the surface layer of the sclera

84
Q

Hyphema

A

The pooling of blood in the anterior chamber as a result of trauma or certain disease

85
Q

Glaucoma

A

An eye disease in which the intraocular pressure is high enough to cause damage to the optic nerve, resulting in visual loss
Caused by compromised drainage of the aqueous fluid out of the eye

86
Q

Intraocular Pressure

A

Fluid pressure within the eye

87
Q

Visual Field

A

The full view seen by an eye that is fixating straight ahead

88
Q

Pachymetry

A

The measurement of corneal thickness by use of Pachymeter

89
Q

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

A

The most common form of glaucoma, in which the pressure inside of the eye is elevated because of increased resistance to aqueous drainage in the outflow channels

90
Q

Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma

A

A form of glaucoma associated with the structural abnormality of the eye, resulting in a shallow anterior chamber angle
Causes a dramatic rise in IOP, pain, visual changes,

91
Q

Secondary Glaucoma

A

Glaucoma that occurs secondary to another, primary disease

92
Q

Neovascular Glaucoma

A

A disease that results in obstruction of the drainage angle with abnormality new blood vessels that impair fluid drainage, elevated IOP, ad caused vision loss due to optic nerve damage

93
Q

Congenital Glaucoma

A

A rare disease that occurs in infants, due to a malformation of the anterior chamber angle

94
Q

Iritis

A

Inflammation of the iris

95
Q

Neovascularization of the Iris

A

A condition in which the iris develops a reddish color due to neovascularization

96
Q

Panretinal Laser Photocoagulation

A

A laser surgical procedure performed to destroy the peripheral retina in order to reduce oxygen demands of the eye in diseases that result in ischemia
EX: Diabetic Retinopathy, Central Retinal Vein Occlusion, and Retinopathy of Prematurity

97
Q

Anisocoria

A

A condition in which the pupils have more than 1mm of difference in size

98
Q

Presbyopia

A

The progressive loss of the accommodative ability of the lens due to aging

99
Q

Cataract

A

An opacified, or clouded, lens

100
Q

Aphakia

A

The absence of the crystalline lens, usually because of cataract extraction

101
Q

Pseudophakia

A

The use of an intraocular lens to correct the vision of an aphakic patient

102
Q

Posterior Vitreous Detachment

A

A separation of the posterior vitreous surface from the underlaying retina that often occurs when the vitreous liquifies during aging, but may also be caused by trauma or diseases
Symptoms: increased floaters, photopsia (flashes of light)

103
Q

Floaters

A

Small particles of dead cells or other debris that become suspended in the vitreous, or particles of the vitreous itself that degenerate in the normal aging process. They cast shadows on the retina, and appear as spots or cobwebs.

104
Q

Endophthalmitis

A

A serious inflammation of the intraocular tissues including the vitreous. May be bacterial, viral, allergy, or chemical toxicity

105
Q

Posterior Vitrectomy

A

The surgical removal of some or most of the vitreous

106
Q

Retinal Detachment

A

The separation of the sensory layer from the pigment layer of the retina
3 causes: Rhematogenous, Traction, and Exudative

107
Q

Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment

A

A retinal detachment due to a tear or hole in the retina

108
Q

Exudative Retinal Detachment

A

A retinal detachment due to fluid accumulation underneath of the retina

109
Q

Tractional Retinal Detachment

A

A retinal tear due to scar tissue pulling off of the retina

110
Q

Photocoagulation

A

Use of a Xenon or laser light beam to destroy tissue, often used to treat leaking/abnormal blood vessels or a retinal tear

111
Q

Pneumatoretinopexy

A

A surgical procedure for correcting retinal detachment by injecting gas into the eye (helps to keep the retina in place)

112
Q

Cryopexy

A

Freezing by surgical means

113
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy

A

Pathologic changes to the retina, usually resulting from long-term poor control of diabetes

114
Q

Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

A

Mild abnormalities of the retina associated with diabetes

115
Q

Exudates

A

Collections of fat and fluid that leak from abnormal blood vessels within the retina

116
Q

Retinal Hemorrhages

A

Dots of blood within the retina

117
Q

Microaneurysms

A

Ballon-like dilation of a blood vessel

118
Q

Macular Edema

A

Fluid collection within the macular due to leaking blood vessels, which results in reduced vision

119
Q

Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

A

Abnormal changes in the retina due to poorly controlled DM, manifested by the presence of hemorrhages, exudates, microaneurysms, and neovascularization.

120
Q

Vitreous Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding within the vitreous, commonly due to retinal neovascularization or trauma

121
Q

Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

A

A therapeutic drug used in intravitreal injections that targets vascular endothelial growth factor. It acts by diminishing the stimulus for abnormal new blood vessel growth, a known cause of wet AMD

122
Q

Age-related Macular Degeneration

A

A disease in which sensory cells of the macula degenerate, resulting in the loss of central vision; typically seen in older adults

123
Q

Drusen

A

Light-yellowish deposits beneath the retinal pigment epithelium, visible on examination of the ocular fundus

124
Q

Atrophic

A

Loss of tissue or cellular density

125
Q

Choroidal Neovascularization

A

An abnormal collection of fragile new blood vessels growing in the choroid under the retina, responsible for hemorrhages and fluid leakage, which can lead to loss of central vision when present in or near the macula

126
Q

Photodynamic Therapy

A

A treatment intended to reduce further vision loss from the “wet” form of AMD. The patient receives an intravenous injection of a light-sensitive substance, Verteprofin, followed by “cold” laser stimulation of the Verteporfin in te area of choroidal neovascularization, causing selective damage to the abnormal tissue.

127
Q

Retinitis Pigmentosa

A

A hereditary, progressive retinal degeneration that may lead to blindness.

128
Q

Nyctalopia

A

Night blindness often associated with retinal diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa.

129
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

An infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes a compromised immune system.

130
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A

A retrovirus that causes AIDS, a disorder of the immune system that increases the patient’s susceptibility to infections, such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

131
Q

Vascular Occlusions

A

The obstruction of blood flow in a blood vessel

132
Q

Optic Neuropathies

A

Disease processes that affect the function of the optic nerve

133
Q

Papilledema

A

A swelling of the optic disc with engorged blood vessels, caused by increased fluid pressure within the skull

134
Q

Optic Neuritis

A

Inflammation of the optic nerve, which can produce sudden (and sometimes reversible) vision loss

135
Q

Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Insufficient blood flow to the optic nerve head resulting in a lack of oxygen and subsequent infarction of the nerve fibers and loss of vision

COA Vocabulary (19 decks)

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