Chapter 3: Diseases and Disorders Flashcards
Pathologic
Abnormal, or diseased
Etiology
The study of the causes of disease
Types of Diseases
Infectious
Inflammation
Allergic
Ischemic
Metabolic
Congenital
Developmental
Degenerative
Neoplastic
Traumatic
Microorganisms
A microscopic life form
Infection
The invasion and multiplication of harmful microorganisms in the body’s tissues
Can be either local or diffuse
Inflammation
A local protective tissue response to infection, injury, or irritation in which specialized cells move to the affected area
Characterized by: redness, pain, swelling, warmth
Acute
Refers to a condition that flares up suddenly and persists for a short time
Chronic
Refers to a condition that has persisted for a longer period of time
Immune Reaction
The body’s response to infections, in which antibodies are manufactured to neutralize the infection microorganism and perhaps prevent recurrence of infection
Antibodies
A chemical substance that the body manufactures to neutralize infecting microorganisms, toxin, or foreign agent
Allergic Reactions
A condition in which that body produces antibodies to foreign materials such as food, plant pollens, or medications
Ischemia
A condition in which the blood supply has been severely reduced to a tissue
Hypoxia
A loss of oxygen
Metabolism
The physical and chemical processes by which the body converts food into energy and new body tissues
Enzymes
Substances produced by cells to accelerate or promote a biochemical reaction
Hormones
Regulating substances produced by various endocrine glands, and transported by the blood to targeted organs to initiate a specific reaction or effect
Hyperthyroidism
The disease complex caused by excessive secretion of thyroid hormone
Cushing’s Disease
The disease complex caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal hormone cortisol
Diabetes Mellitus
A metabolic disorder resulting from insufficient or absent insulin production from the pancreas
Insulin
A hormone of the body that regulates blood sugar metabolism
Congenital
Refers to any disease process or effect that is present from birth
Genetic
Refers to a trait that is inherited from either or both parents
Degenerative
Refers to any process in which the structure or function of body tissues gradually deteriorates
Neoplasm
A new growth of different or abnormal tissue, such as a tumor or wart
Benign
Refers to any tumor that is not dangerous to the well-being of the individual
Malignant
Term used to describe a condition that tends to become worse and to cause severe problems or death
Trauma
Physical injury to body tissue from various causes: Chemical, Temperature, and Manual
Metastasize
The transfer of disease from one organ or part to another that is not directly connected
Toxins
A poison
Thermal Trauma
Refers to injury that results from burning or freezing of tissues
Chemical Trauma
Refers to injury caused by chemical, such as an acid or alkali
Symptoms
A subjective abnormality that cannot be directly observed by another person but only perceived by the patient
EX: Pain, Blurred vision
Signs
An abnormal physical change observed objectively by the physician upon examination
Syndrome
A set of symptoms that is characteristic of a specific disease or condition
Proptosis
A condition characterized by a protruding eyeball, caused by an increase in the volume of the orbital contents
Also called Exophthalmos
Thyroid Eye Disease
A condition of unknown origin that involves the thyroid gland and causes the soft tissues surrounding the globe to swell
Als called Grave’s Disease
Unilateral Proptosis
The forward protrusion of one eyeball from the socket
Hemorrhage
Rapid loss of a large amount of blood from a damaged blood vessel
Edema
Swelling caused by the abnormal presence of fluid in tissues
Orbital Cellulitis
A diffuse infection of tissues in the orbit, causing grossly swollen eyelids and red eye, sometimes without proptosis
Sinuses
A bony cavern of the skull that contains air and connects with the nasal passages
Blowout Fracture
An injury caused by blunt force trauma applied to the eye, creating pressure that fractures one of the orbital bones
Strabismus
A misalignment of the eyes that may cause vision to be disturbed; occurs when the EOMs do not work in a coordinated manner
Exo Deviation
The outward deviation of the eye
Eso Deviation
The inward deviation of the eye
Hypo Deviation
The downward deviation of the eye
Hyper Deviation
The upward deviation of the eye
Tropia
An obvious misalignment of the eye, present all the time
Phoria
A tendency toward ocular misalignment that is held in check by fusional effort of the EOMs
Stereopsis
3D visual perception
Suppression
The brain’s mechanism to avoid double vision by ignoring the image from one eye. The brain loses this ability after childhood.
Amblyopia
Decreased vision present without apparent abnormalities in the ocular anatomy and uncorrectable by glasses or contact lenses.
Results from visual deprivation early in childhood
Nystagmus
A condition in which the eyes continually shift in rhythmic, side-to-side, up-and-down, or rotary motion and then snap back to normal position
Null Point
An abnormal head position that patients with nystagmus adopt in order to see better; accomplished with either a head tilt or turning the head
Abscess
A localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue
Stye
An infection or inflammation of a Zeis gland located on the eyelid margin in a lash follicle
Also called External Hordeolum
Chalazion
A chronic inflammation resulting from an obstructed Meibomian gland in the eyelids. This is the chronic form of External Hordeolum
Blepharitis
A common inflammation of the eyelid margin
Ptosis
Drooping of the upper eyelid most commonly caused by the levator muscle’s inability to lift the eyelid to its full extent
Can be congenital or acquired
Ectropion
A condition in which the eyelid margin is everted (turned outward) from the globe
Entropion
A condition in which the upper or lower eyelid if inverted (turned inward)
Trichiasis
An abnormality of the eyelid that causes eyelashes to turn in the wrong direction and rub against the cornea
Lagophthalmos
A condition in which the globe is not completely covered when the eyelids are closed
Can be caused by facial-nerve paralysis or enlarged/protruding eyes
Basal Cell Carcinoma
The most common malignment eyelid tumor, characterized by a pit surrounded by raised “pearly” edges
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva caused by dry eyes
Conjunctivitis
An inflammation of the conjunctiva that causes swelling of the small conjunctival blood vessels, making the eye appear red.
Also called Pink Eye
Caused by bacterial or viral infections, allergies, or exposure to environmental agent
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Conjunctivitis in a newborn
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
A ruptured of the conjunctival blood vessel that allows blood to flow under the tissue and produces a bright red, flat area on the cunjunctiva
Pinguecula
A thickened, benign, yellowish area of the bulbar conjunctiva on the temporal or nasal side of the cornea in the exposed portion of the eyeball
Pterygium
A lesion of hypertrophied tissue that extends from medial canthus onto the cornea
Nevi
Freckles, common tumors involving the retina, bulbar conjunctiva, and skin. Appear yellowish pink, or brown.
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea
Abrasion
A scratch
Laceration
A traumatic cut
Lesion
An abnormal tissue or break in a normal tissue
Corneal Ulcer
Pathologic condition involving a defect in the corneal surface and associated with inflammation
Infectious ulcers are caused by microorganisms
Hypopyon
The accumulation of pus in the anterior chamber of the
Herpes Simplex Virus
A type of virus that infects the cornea, producing dendritic ulcers
Dendritic
Branch-shaped
Arcus Senilis
A common degenerative change in which the outer edge of the cornea gradually becomes opaque; generally seen over the age of 50
Keratoconus
A rare degenerative corneal condition in which the center of the cornea thins and assumes the shape of a cone, seriously affecting vision
Scleritis
Inflammation of the sclera
Episcleritis
Inflammation of the surface layer of the sclera
Hyphema
The pooling of blood in the anterior chamber as a result of trauma or certain disease
Glaucoma
An eye disease in which the intraocular pressure is high enough to cause damage to the optic nerve, resulting in visual loss
Caused by compromised drainage of the aqueous fluid out of the eye
Intraocular Pressure
Fluid pressure within the eye
Visual Field
The full view seen by an eye that is fixating straight ahead
Pachymetry
The measurement of corneal thickness by use of Pachymeter
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
The most common form of glaucoma, in which the pressure inside of the eye is elevated because of increased resistance to aqueous drainage in the outflow channels
Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
A form of glaucoma associated with the structural abnormality of the eye, resulting in a shallow anterior chamber angle
Causes a dramatic rise in IOP, pain, visual changes,
Secondary Glaucoma
Glaucoma that occurs secondary to another, primary disease
Neovascular Glaucoma
A disease that results in obstruction of the drainage angle with abnormality new blood vessels that impair fluid drainage, elevated IOP, ad caused vision loss due to optic nerve damage
Congenital Glaucoma
A rare disease that occurs in infants, due to a malformation of the anterior chamber angle
Iritis
Inflammation of the iris
Neovascularization of the Iris
A condition in which the iris develops a reddish color due to neovascularization
Panretinal Laser Photocoagulation
A laser surgical procedure performed to destroy the peripheral retina in order to reduce oxygen demands of the eye in diseases that result in ischemia
EX: Diabetic Retinopathy, Central Retinal Vein Occlusion, and Retinopathy of Prematurity
Anisocoria
A condition in which the pupils have more than 1mm of difference in size
Presbyopia
The progressive loss of the accommodative ability of the lens due to aging
Cataract
An opacified, or clouded, lens
Aphakia
The absence of the crystalline lens, usually because of cataract extraction
Pseudophakia
The use of an intraocular lens to correct the vision of an aphakic patient
Posterior Vitreous Detachment
A separation of the posterior vitreous surface from the underlaying retina that often occurs when the vitreous liquifies during aging, but may also be caused by trauma or diseases
Symptoms: increased floaters, photopsia (flashes of light)
Floaters
Small particles of dead cells or other debris that become suspended in the vitreous, or particles of the vitreous itself that degenerate in the normal aging process. They cast shadows on the retina, and appear as spots or cobwebs.
Endophthalmitis
A serious inflammation of the intraocular tissues including the vitreous. May be bacterial, viral, allergy, or chemical toxicity
Posterior Vitrectomy
The surgical removal of some or most of the vitreous
Retinal Detachment
The separation of the sensory layer from the pigment layer of the retina
3 causes: Rhematogenous, Traction, and Exudative
Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
A retinal detachment due to a tear or hole in the retina
Exudative Retinal Detachment
A retinal detachment due to fluid accumulation underneath of the retina
Tractional Retinal Detachment
A retinal tear due to scar tissue pulling off of the retina
Photocoagulation
Use of a Xenon or laser light beam to destroy tissue, often used to treat leaking/abnormal blood vessels or a retinal tear
Pneumatoretinopexy
A surgical procedure for correcting retinal detachment by injecting gas into the eye (helps to keep the retina in place)
Cryopexy
Freezing by surgical means
Diabetic Retinopathy
Pathologic changes to the retina, usually resulting from long-term poor control of diabetes
Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Mild abnormalities of the retina associated with diabetes
Exudates
Collections of fat and fluid that leak from abnormal blood vessels within the retina
Retinal Hemorrhages
Dots of blood within the retina
Microaneurysms
Ballon-like dilation of a blood vessel
Macular Edema
Fluid collection within the macula due to leaking blood vessels, which results in reduced vision
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Abnormal changes in the retina due to poorly controlled DM, manifested by the presence of hemorrhages, exudates, microaneurysms, and neovascularization.
Vitreous Hemorrhage
Bleeding within the vitreous, commonly due to retinal neovascularization or trauma
Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
A therapeutic drug used in intravitreal injections that targets vascular endothelial growth factor. It acts by diminishing the stimulus for abnormal new blood vessel growth, a known cause of wet AMD
Age-related Macular Degeneration
A disease in which sensory cells of the macula degenerate, resulting in the loss of central vision; typically seen in older adults
Drusen
Light-yellowish deposits beneath the retinal pigment epithelium, visible on examination of the ocular fundus
Atrophic
Loss of tissue or cellular density
Choroidal Neovascularization
An abnormal collection of fragile new blood vessels growing in the choroid under the retina, responsible for hemorrhages and fluid leakage, which can lead to loss of central vision when present in or near the macula
Photodynamic Therapy
A treatment intended to reduce further vision loss from the “wet” form of AMD. The patient receives an intravenous injection of a light-sensitive substance, Verteprofin, followed by “cold” laser stimulation of the Verteporfin in te area of choroidal neovascularization, causing selective damage to the abnormal tissue.
Retinitis Pigmentosa
A hereditary, progressive retinal degeneration that may lead to blindness.
Nyctalopia
Night blindness often associated with retinal diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
An infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes a compromised immune system.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
A retrovirus that causes AIDS, a disorder of the immune system that increases the patient’s susceptibility to infections, such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV).
Vascular Occlusions
The obstruction of blood flow in a blood vessel
Optic Neuropathies
Disease processes that affect the function of the optic nerve
Papilledema
A swelling of the optic disc with engorged blood vessels, caused by increased fluid pressure within the skull
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve, which can produce sudden (and sometimes reversible) vision loss
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Insufficient blood flow to the optic nerve head resulting in a lack of oxygen and subsequent infarction of the nerve fibers and loss of vision
