~Chapter 6 - Lecture Section 6.4

Question 1

Goldstein says you drive with your ___.

Answer 1

Brain

Question 2

Why is using a hands-free phone just as bad as a phone in hand while driving?

Answer 2

Whether you’re using a hands-free phone or phone is in your hand, because your distraction is related more to your attention, and not just having one hand or two hands on the wheel, these end up being about as bad for your driving performance.

Question 3

Why is a phone conversation worse than having a conversation with a car passenger?

Answer 3

The car passenger is gonna be less distracting when they realize that there is a difficult driving situation.

Question 4

What is Inattentional Blindness?

Answer 4

When attention is focused on one task, sometimes very salient stimuli that are unrelated to the task are sometimes not perceived.

Question 5

What is the “Gorilla on the court experiment” an example of?

Answer 5

Inattentional Blindness

Question 6

What is Change Blindness?

Answer 6

Difficulty in detecting changes in scenes. A related phenomenon to Inattentional Blindness

Question 7

What is Change Blindness Blindness?

Answer 7

“I’m not change blind. I would notice any differences” Nope. We regularly miss changes in movies.

Question 8

What is Change Blindness Blindness referred to as in films?

Answer 8

Continuity Errors

Question 9

Are all people Change-Blind?

Answer 9

We are all Change-Blind to an extent, but the fact that we don’t know we are Change Blind, means we have Change Blindness Blindness as well.

Question 10

Why don’t we always notice Continuity Errors in film?

Answer 10

We don’t always notice Continuity Errors in movies because of the “mask”, which is the camera cutting away, so when it cuts back to the scene and something has changed, like the weapon the actor had in their belt suddenly being gone, we don’t always notice.

When we’re looking at the same picture continuously, and we’re seeing this flashing change, it is this rapid change/movement that draws our attention, Attentional Capture, we are able to notice it.

However, if we look at a scene and then glance away, all kinds of stuff can change, and we glance back, and unless we were paying particular attention to the thing that happens to now be different, we won’t notice it at all

Question 11

Whether you can have Perception without Attention depends on the task ___.

Answer 11

difficulty

Question 12

Perception of ___ task appears to depend on ___ of ___ task.

Answer 12

“extra” // difficulty // “main”

Question 13

It’s thought that ___ stimuli are processed automatically even when dedicating our attention to a central task

Answer 13

behaviorally relevant

Question 14

What is Attentional Capture?

Answer 14

Despite whatever you’re doing, if the stimulus has a high enough Saliency, your attention will be captured by the event. Like a loud bang or a sudden movement.

Question 15

Task-irrelevant stimuli (distractions/pop-ups windows/etc) can affect ___. It depends not only on the ___, but also the ___ itself

Answer 15

performance // distracter //

task

Question 16

Lavie et al. showed that distractors have ___ effect in more difficult tasks.

Answer 16

smaller

Question 17

What is Load Theory of Attention?

Answer 17

Lavie proposed a Load theory of attention, where the easier the task you have, the more perceptual capacity you have to process distractors, which then impairs your performance on the main task. However, if you have a difficult/hard task, where it demands a high attentional load, you have no more perceptual capacity to process that distractor, and so it has less of an effect.

Question 18

Why is the prof skeptical about Lavie’s Load Theory of Attention?

Answer 18

Prof is skeptical about this effect because these distractors are very mild. He imagines that if the distractors were much more salient, like much louder or shaking the subject, these effects would be much different.

Question 19

Even with the hard task it indicates that some perception may be independent of ___ and the best candidates for what this perception would relate to would be ___ stimuli.

Answer 19

attention // behaviourally relevant

Question 20

In Lavie’s Load Theory of Attention cup analogy, the amount of space left in the cup represents ___.

Answer 20

The remaining perceptual capacity

Question 21

In Lavie’s Load Theory of Attention cup analogy, the glass being full means ___.

Answer 21

That the task was “high attention load”, meaning it was harder or more difficult, and that there’s little/no more remaining perceptual capacity.

Question 22

In Lavie’s Load Theory of Attention cup analogy, the glass being half-full means ___.

Answer 22

That the task was not as difficult, had a “low attention load”, and the remaining space is the remaining perceptual capacity

Question 23

In Lavie’s Load Theory of Attention cup analogy, what does the water in the glass represent?

Answer 23

The water represents the “attention load” of the stimulus or task, the more water there is, the higher the attention load the task/stimulus is.