~Chapter 5 - Lecture Section 5.2

Question 1

What is a Scene?

Answer 1

Something that is acted within

Question 2

A Scene contains ___.

Answer 2

Many objects

Question 3

What is an Object?

Answer 3

Something that is acted upon

Question 4

People are able to get the gist of what’s in a scene with ___ exposure to each picture.

Answer 4

Very little

Question 5

People are ___ at perceiving scenes

Answer 5

Good // fast // accurate

Question 6

When subjects are given either a target image, or just the description of some object, and are flashed a number of images in rapid succession, they have ___% accuracy in detecting the target image when these images are presented for ___ each.

Answer 6

90-100 // ¼ of a second

Question 7

What is a Visual Mask?

Answer 7

Something that has contours or texture to stop the processing of the original picture due to Persistence of Vision

Question 8

Why is a Visual Mask required?

Answer 8

Because of Persistence of Vision

Question 9

What can subjects detect at 27ms?

Answer 9

Subjects can pick out the light and dark bits

Question 10

What can subjects detect at 40ms?

Answer 10

Subjects can pick out the light and dark bits

Question 11

What can subjects detect at 67ms?

Answer 11

Subjects can describe large objects

Question 12

What can subjects detect at 500ms?

Answer 12

Subjects can describe small objects and details

Question 13

How are we able to perceive the gist of a scene so rapidly?

Answer 13

The use of Environmental Regularities in a Gestalt-like way to obtain Global Image Features

With these different ​​Global Image Features, you can quickly put together the gist of a scene

Question 14

What are examples of Global Image Features?

Answer 14

1. Degree of Naturalness
2. Degree of Openness
3. Degree of Roughness
4. Degree of Expansion
5. Colour

Question 15

What is Degree of Naturalness?

Answer 15

Whether it is Natural vs. man-made

Example: A forest is natural whilst a city is man-made

Question 16

What is Degree of Openness?

Answer 16

Open space vs. Cluttered

Example: A forest is cluttered whilst a beach is open

Question 17

What is Degree of Roughness?

Answer 17

The # of small elements / clutter

Example: A forest and city are cluttered whilst an empty beach is relatively smooth and homogenous

Question 18

What is Degree of Expansion?

Answer 18

Visible horizon

Question 19

What is Color?

Answer 19

Different scenes have different characteristic colors

Example: Forests are predominantly green and brown, beaches tend to have a lot of blue and yellow, and city colours are cement colours, greys and browns.

Question 20

We also rely on ___ about physical regularities, that is to say, how objects normally operate in the environment

Answer 20

Top-Down information

Question 21

What is the Light-from-above Heuristic?

Answer 21

This is how light usually interacts with surfaces.
Whether a normal lighting circumstance is outdoors, where the sun is usually the brightest thing, illuminating things from above, OR indoors where the lightbulbs are typically up high, light tends to come from above downward

Question 22

What is the effect when the light is from above?

Answer 22

If there is lighting at the top of the circle, this is often interpreted as a bump that is poking out of the surface

Question 23

What is the effect when the light is from below?

Answer 23

If there is lighting at the bottom of the circle, this produces a dent, where there is shadow at the top and illumination reaching the bottom of the dent

Question 24

What are Semantic Regularities

Answer 24

Characteristics associated with the functions associated with different types of scenes. These characteristics are learned from experience. For example, most people are aware of the kinds of activities and objects that are usually associated with kitchens.

Top-down understanding of regularities based on the meaning of the scene

Question 25

How do we create a Scene Schema?

Answer 25

Through Semantic Regularities

Question 26

What are Scene Schemas?

Answer 26

An observer’s knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes. An observer’s attention is affected by knowledge of what is usually found in the scene. Certain objects are associated with particular scenes, when people imagine individual objects, they usually have some background too

Question 27

What is an example of a Scene Schema?

Answer 27

When you visualize a microscope, you don’t envision it floating in a white blank space, it’s often sitting on a desk in a lab

Question 28

With Scene Schemas, what happens once you obtain a little bit of information about a scene?

Answer 28

It’s like an avalanche of Top-down information that is providing you with other things that you can expect to come along with that scene

Question 29

In Hollingsworth’s Semantic Regularity and Scene Schema study, what did subjects report when the barbell was present in the image they studied for 20s?

Answer 29

They localized it in the correct vicinity.

Question 30

In Hollingsworth’s Semantic Regularity and Scene Schema study, what did subjects report when there was no barbell?

Answer 30

When they had to guess where it would be appropriate to put it, subjects were still pretty good at localizing it

Question 31

What does Palmers (1975) test make use of to increase object identification accuracy?

Answer 31

Perceptual Priming & Scene Schemas

Question 32

What happens in Palmer’s test?

Answer 32

Subjects were primed with the image of the kitchen and then were asked to identify rapidly flashed pictures

Question 33

What happened in Palmer’s test when subjects were shown a loaf of bread?

Answer 33

Subjects could identify it with about 80% accuracy.

Question 34

In Palmer’s test, subjects were ___ when the pictures were consistent with the kitchen Scene Schema

Answer 34

More accurate

Question 35

What happened in Palmer’s test when subjects were shown a mailbox?

Answer 35

Subjects were only 40% accurate. A mailbox has a fairly similar shape to a loaf of bread

Question 36

What happened in Palmer’s test when subjects were shown a drum?

Answer 36

Subjects were only 40% accurate

Question 37

When the object matches the Scene Schema, the identification is ___

Answer 37

Better

Question 38

Semantic Regularities can be used to assign ___ an identity depending on what other information is in the scene

Answer 38

ambiguous objects

Question 39

What theories did Hermann von Helmholtz (1858) propose?

Answer 39

Theory of Unconscious Inference & The Likelihood Principle

Question 40

What is Theory of Unconscious Inference?

Answer 40

The idea that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment.

Question 41

What is the Likelihood Principle?

Answer 41

The idea that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

An observer will tend to perceive the most likely interpretation of a visual stimulus (i.e., the one with the highest probability of being correct).

Question 42

The Likelihood Principle sounds a lot like the ___

Answer 42

Gestalt Law of Primats

Question 43

The Likelihood Principle is a form of ___ testing.

Answer 43

Hypothesis

Question 44

When you look at this collection of shapes, the way we tend to perceive it is based on the ___ that we’re making based on similar types of things we’ve seen in the past

Answer 44

Unconscious assumptions

Question 45

What is Bayesian Inference?

Answer 45

A statistical approach to perception in which perception is determined by taking probabilities into account. These probabilities are based on past experiences in perceiving properties of objects and scenes.

Question 46

What is the Prior?

Answer 46

The initial estimate of the probability of an outcome. Top-down information

Question 47

The Prior is related to ___.

Answer 47

Gestalt-like image statistics

Question 48

What is the Likelihood?

Answer 48

The extent to which the available evidence is consistent with a particular outcome. Bottom-Up information

Question 49

Why are people better at object perception than computers?

Answer 49

Application of knowledge or perception to the perceptual process

Question 50

When using a Bayesian Inference description, we are building our ___ about how things should normally look

Answer 50

Priors

Question 51

What did Gestalt Psychology tap into?

Answer 51

The normal statistics of how different features are combined

Question 52

Until computer programs are able to contain this many ___, their performance will lag biological systems.

Answer 52

Priors/this much info about how the world looks