~Chapter 6 - Lecture Section 6.2 Flashcards
Many of the studies that examine the advantages of attention make use of a specific form of ___ Attention referred to as ___ Attention.
Covert // Spatial
What is Spatial Attention?
Where you are looking at one place, and monitoring another location in the visual scene
Txtbook def: Attention to a specific location.
What is a Valid trial/cue?
In a Valid Cue/trial, you are paying attention to the region of space where the target appears, and you can rapidly respond.
Valid trials will happen about ___ of the time to make sure that this cue is seen as reliable and valid
80%
What is an Invalid trial?
In an Invalid Cue, you are paying attention to some other region of space distant from the target, so when the target appears, you are not paying attention to that region of space and respond more slowly.
Invalid trials will happen about ___ of the time
20%
In Spatial Attention tasks, ___ reduces reaction times.
pre-cuing
In Spatial Attention tasks, ___ reaction times are better.
Lower
Spatial Attention tasks often measure ___.
Reaction time
It appears that cueing and attention seems to ___, or become ___ within an object. This is called “Same Object Advantage”
spread // generalized
The Same Object Advantage seems to apply to more ___ stimuli.
complex
What are the benefits of pre-cuing?
Pre-cuing provides benefits to the spatial location that you are attending and to the object that you are attending.
Pre-cuing reduces ___.
reaction times
Attention ___ reaction times, it makes you react ___.
enhances // faster
Things that you are not paying attention to seem to ___, and things that you are paying attention to seem to have ___.
fade // higher contrast
Attention ___ the firing of neurons
enhances
What did researchers find when studying the effect of Attention on the firing of neurons in Monkeys?
Neuronal firing can be increased if attention is directed over the area that the receptive fields are located, or, its lower if attention is directed away.
When we’re trying to predict the responses of a neuron to stimuli in its Receptive Field, what do we have to worry about?
The Shape, Size, Orientation, and Attention
The boost in firing rate provided by attention increases the further ___ the visual stream you go.
down
The boost in firing rate provided by attention increases the further ___ the visual stream you go.
down
The boost in firing rate is quite ___ at the level of the Primary Visual Cortex, but gets gradually ___ as you go to higher-order visual areas.
Small // Bigger
In what stream does the boost in firing rate provided by attention increase as you go to higher-order visual areas?
Both the Parietal and Ventral stream
Attention to objects increases responses of specific ___.
modules
A subject having their brain scanned by an fMRI while being presented with two stimuli, an image of a house and a face, one is moving slightly back-and-forth to make them easy to distinguish from one another. When the attended stimulus was the face, what did the fMRI show?
When the attended stimulus was the face, the FFA was selectively enhanced, and there was less enhancement in the FFA when attending the house.
A subject having their brain scanned by an fMRI while being presented with two stimuli, an image of a house and a face, one is moving slightly back-and-forth to make them easy to distinguish from one another. When the attended stimulus was the house, what did the fMRI show?
When the attended stimulus was the house, there was preferential activation in the PPA.
A subject having their brain scanned by an fMRI while being presented with two stimuli, an image of a house and a face, one is moving slightly back-and-forth to make them easy to distinguish from one another. When the attended stimulus was the motion itself, what did the fMRI show?
There was preferential activation in motion-coding areas.
Even though Attention seems to have a bit of a non-selective enhancement effect, there is ___ enhancement if the target matches the ___.
more // area specialization
Attention to a region of space increases ___ in retinotopic maps.
bold signal
Attention to a region of space increases ___ in retinotopic maps, meaning, it enhances just that one region of the Retinotopic map.
bold signal
Decoders were able to predict with ___ accuracy where the subject was directing their ___ Attention to.
100% // Covert
Attention ___ neural activity between areas of the brain.
synchronizes
What are Local Field Potentials (LFP)?
LFP’s are a type of electrophysiological measure that records aggregate activity of thousands of neurons around the electrode, it’s not recording single units, it’s recording a big chunk of cortex. LFP = Aggregate activity of 1000s of neurons
Why can two different stimuli (A or B) activate the same location in V4, but different locations in V1 in the Macaques brain?
In the Macaque cortex, V1 is a lot bigger, and so with Local Field Potentials, you can put the electrodes into Retinotopic regions A and B and get distinct signals, but in area V4, which is much smaller, an electrode placed into V4 will essentially cover both regions of space.
When the Macaque is paying attention to Stimulus 2 (activating B in V1 and C in V4), A and C show ___.
uncorrelated activity
When the two lines, the peaks and the troughs, on an electrophysiological measure do not match, it means the two variables show ___.
uncorrelated activity
When the Macaque is paying attention to Stimulus 1 (activating A in V1 and C in V4), the LFP’s for sites A and C have ___ peaks and troughs, this is called ___.
matching // Synchronized Activity
What does it mean when there is Synchronized Activity?
Synchronized Activity indicates that these two brain regions are working together on a task, this is going to be important when we consider how multiple modules can communicate with each other.
The Temporal Stream, which is the ___ Stream, is the ___ pathway.
Ventral // “What”
The Parietal Stream, which is the ___ Stream, is the ___ pathway.
Dorsal // “Where”/”How”
