~Chapter 6 - Lecture Section 6.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Attention?

A

Attention is the allocation of mental resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of Visual Attention?

A

Visual Attention serves as a mediating mechanism, enabling us to selectively grant priority of processing to certain aspects of the visual scene.

Things we are not paying attention to are less processed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can spotlight be used as an analogy for?

A

Visual Attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Selective Attention?

A

Focusing on specific objects and ignoring others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who said this about Selective Attention: “My experience is what I agree to attend to”

A

William James (1890)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is Attention necessary in general?

A

Attention is probably a general mechanism which is related to limited mental resources in an environment where there is sensory bombardment, an overload of information and you cannot process all of it, so there has to be this filter, and attention provides this filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is Attention necessary for vision?

A

It may be related to the structure of the eye (fovea vs. periphery). There is a very high acuity visual information signal available at the Fovea, but at the Periphery, there is much more Convergence, and so there is lower acuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is there is a close relationship that exists in natural viewing between what you’re looking at, and what you are attending?

A

For vision, perhaps due to the high acuity view of the Fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

There is a close relationship that exists in natural viewing between what you’re ___, and what you are ___.

A

looking at // attending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Scanning the fovea over objects of interest allows the visual system a ___ view

A

High Acuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are Saccades?

A

Rapid eye movements. Rapidly moving your eyes when looking between objects in a scene. Saccade also means “jump”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Fixation?

A

The pauses between Saccades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How long are Fixation pasues?

A

These pauses are around ~300ms on average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many Saccades do we make per second?

A

We make about 3 Saccades per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Studying ___ between different objects gives us insight into what the person is paying attention to

A

Saccades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

There are many ___ features of a scene, so characteristics that can determine where we will look

A

Bottom-up

17
Q

What are Scene Characteristics?

A

High saliency features grab our attention (e.g. high contrast, bright colors)

18
Q

What is Saliency?

A

Saliency means the noticeability of a stimulus, so things that are high contrast or bright colours, attention-grabbing things.

19
Q

What is an example of Saliency?

A

A man in a red shirt is sitting in a crowd of people wearing white shirts, he is attention-grabbing and Salient.

20
Q

What is Attentional Capture?

A

Occurs when a high Salience feature causes an involuntary shift of attention (sudden movements, loud sounds).

21
Q

What is a Saliency Map?

A

A “map” of a visual display that takes into account characteristics of the display such as colour, contrast, and orientation that are associated with capturing attention. (6)

22
Q

How is a Saliency Map made?

A

Orientation + Colour + Contrast

23
Q

What features on a Saliency Map appear as lighter pixels?

A

Extended contours, high contrast, or differences in colour, show up as these high Salience features.

24
Q

Saliency often drives the first few fixations, but later scene scanning is influenced by ___.

A

cognitive factors​​

25
Q

We use ___ and ___ to apply knowledge of what is normally contained in a typical scene.

A

Scene Schemas // Semantic Regularities

26
Q

Where you will look depends on ___.

A

What you expect to find

27
Q

Attention can also be directed by ___ and ___.

A

interest // goals

28
Q

Different parts of a scene or objects are important for different ___.

A

goals

29
Q

A single scene filled with multi-dimensional stimuli can evoke different patterns of eye movement, Saccades and Fixations, depending on the ___.

A

Goal

30
Q

There are very distinct patterns of Saccades and Fixations depending on what the person is trying to ___ when looking at the picture.

A

accomplish

31
Q

The pattern of Saccades and Fixations will also depend on the ___.

A

task demands

32
Q

Task demands involve more ___ viewing.

A

Naturalistic

33
Q

What are task demands?

A

This is more naturalistic viewing where gaze is directed to various objects with specific timing or order as the task unfolds, so everyday tasks will produce a stereotypical order of bodily movements and they will be preceded by a very stereotypical order of eye movements.

34
Q

In a task demand, where you’re going to look depends on ___.

A

What you need to do

35
Q

Eye movements usually ___ a bodily motor action by a fraction of a second.

A

precede

36
Q

Can you pay attention to things without fixating on them (i.e. without eye movements)?

A

Yes

37
Q

What is Overt Attention?

A

Overt Attention is where you are looking at the thing you are paying attention to

38
Q

What is Covert Attention?

A

You are paying attention to something you are not looking at.

39
Q

When a basketball player is executing a “no-look” pass, what are they doing?

A

The player is using Covert Attention to give the other players an impression that they’re heading one way, then passing the ball the other way