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PSYO2150 - Midterm #2 - Perceptual Processes > Chapter 10 - Lecture Section 10.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Lecture Section 10.2 Flashcards

1
Q

When most people think of depth perception, they are thinking about ___ Cues.

A

Binocular Depth Cues

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2
Q

What are Binocular Depth Cues?

A

The depth cues that arise from having two eyes.

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3
Q

The key for Binocular Depth Cues is that the left eye and the right eye have ___ views of the world, and we’re able to use these slightly different views to reconstruct ___.

A

slightly different // depth

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4
Q

What is Binocular Disparity?

A

Binocular Disparity is the difference in images/view in the right and left eye

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5
Q

Human eyes are ___ in the head

A

horizontally offset

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6
Q

When you are fixating on an object, the point that you are fixating on is always going to fall on ___ between the L and R Retina.

A

corresponding points

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7
Q

What is a Horopter?

A

The Horopter is an imaginary circular border that is created when you fixate on an object. Objects laying on the Horopter cast images onto the L and R Retina that have corresponding points on the Retina

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8
Q

Images on the Horopter, which are then casting their images onto the Retina and have corresponding points between the L and R eye means that they are in ___.

A

Zero Disparity

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9
Q

What is Zero Disparity?

A

Zero Disparity means that there is no difference, or disparity, between the L eye or the R eye configuration of where those images are landing.

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10
Q

All objects on the Horopter have ___.

A

zero disparity

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11
Q

What happens if an object does not fall on the Horopter?

A

The image of the object that does not fall on the Horopter is going to fall on non-corresponding points on the L and R eyes. There will be a difference between the L-eye view and R-eye view, this creates an angle, called the Angle of Disparity.

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12
Q

The further away the object is from the Horopoter (further from you), the ___ the Angle of Disparity.

A

larger

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13
Q

The closer the object is to the Horopoter, the ___ the Angle of Disparity.

A

smaller

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14
Q

What is Uncrossed Disparity?

A

When things are behind the Horopter (and further away from you) they are in Uncrossed Disparity.

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15
Q

When you look at an object in Uncrossed Disparity, what happens to your eyes?

A

To look/fixate on an object in Uncrossed Disparity you’d have to uncross your eyes.

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16
Q

When you look at an object in Uncrossed Disparity, what happens to your eyes?

A

To look/fixate on an object in Uncrossed Disparity you’d have to uncross your eyes

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17
Q

What is Crossed Disparity?

A

When things are in front of the Horopter (closer to you) they are in Crossed Disparity

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18
Q

When you look at an object in Crossed Disparity, what happens to your eyes?

A

To look/fixate on an object in Crossed Disparity you’d have to cross your eyes.

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19
Q

What is Relative Disparity?

A

Relative Disparity is the difference in two objects Absolute Disparity. Relative Disparity gives you a sense, when you’re looking at many different objects in the environment, the relative positions of those objects to you.

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20
Q

What is Absolute Disparity?

A

The Absolute Disparity is what’s measured depending on where you are fixating at the time, for any of these objects that are different distances from you. Absolute Disparity will change as the fixation points changes.

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21
Q

___ Disparity will change as the fixation points changes.

A

Absolute

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22
Q

What is Stereopsis?

A

Stereopsis is the impression of depth that results from Binocular Disparity information

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23
Q

___ creates Stereopsis (perceptual).

A

Disparity (geometrical)

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24
Q

How is Stereopsis created?

A

Disparity is the geometrical arrangement of different objects or images on the eyes, this disparity creates the perceptual quality of Stereopsis.

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25
Q

Natural scenes contain many ___.

A

depth cues

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26
Q

True or False: Retinal disparity alone is sufficient to create the perception of depth.

A

True

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27
Q

What is the Correspondence Problem?

A

How does the visual system match the parts of the images in the left and right eyes that correspond with each other?

The problem faced by the visual system, which must determine which parts of the images in the left and right eyes correspond to one another. Another way of stating the problem is: How does the visual system match up the images in the two eyes? This matching of the images is involved in determining depth perception using the cue of binocular disparity.

28
Q

What does the Correspondence Problem indicate about vision?

A

The visual system is not using object processing to match the parts of the images in the left and right eyes that correspond with each other, it’s using some other method.
There’s not a good answer on how the visual system does this, but the evidence that we are able to see depth from these Random-Dot Stereograms indicates that it does perform this action.
This is one of those mysteries for depth perception that still needs to be solved.

29
Q

How does a Random Dot Stereogram work?

A

There are randomized pixels that are either white or black, 1 is white, 0 is black, and its arranged in a random configuration.
In the center, there is a subset of pixels that are shown as A’s and B’s.
They are positioned differently between the L and R eye. In the R eye they are offset, revealing other pixels, X and Y.
What this is creating is this disparity in where these pixels are located between the L and R eye.
That fact that with a special Stereoscope we are able to see a floating square, means that we are able to use Retinal Disparity alone with no object info or anything else, to create the perception of depth.

30
Q

In a Random Dot Stereograms there are no ___ and no ___, we still have the impression of ___.

A

Pictorial Depth Cues // real object info // Stereopsis

31
Q

When Bela Julesz used Random Dot Stereograms, to research depth perception, what did subjects report?

A

When Bela Julesz inserted the Random-dot Stereograms, people were able to see a square floating closer than the background.

32
Q

Autostereograms (Magic Eye) produce ___ in a single image if you can ___ your eyes. If you are able to ___ your gaze but still accommodate at the depth of the screen, some of the dots fall on ___ points on the retinas, which create the perception of depth.

A

Disparity // diverge // diverge // non-corresponding

33
Q

When trying to count the arm wrestlers when looking without depth, you can count them. But when you’re looking at it and perceiving the 3D image, the number of arm wrestlers is different, why is this so?

A

Because the two images slide over each other as you diverge your vision.

34
Q

Why do not many animals make good models for studying the human visual system?

A

Because Primates have a fairly unique visual system with frontal facing eyes, and so finding a good animal model for studying the physiology of depth perception requires you to take into account a few things.

35
Q

Available depth cues depend on ___ and ___.

A

Eye placement // Head size (interocular distance)

36
Q

What are examples of animals that have Frontal eyes?

A

humans and cats, and primates

37
Q

What is an example of an animal that has Lateral Eyes?

A

Bunnies

38
Q

Lateral facing eyes mean there is a very narrow range of Binocular overlap, and so these animals have very limited ___ and ___, but they have terrific ___ vision.

A

Binocular Vision // Stereopsis // Panoramic Peripheral

39
Q

What is a key factor about humans that allows us our ability to use Binocular Disparity to create Stereopsis?

A

Our head size (interocular distance) and the large distance between our eyes due to the fact that we are pretty big animals.

40
Q

Why don’t small animals tend to use Stereopsis?

A

Because their heads are small and the eyes are very close together, so they don’t have that same view of the world

41
Q

Why do Frogs and Locusts participate in a peering behaviour to jump?

A

Frogs and Locusts participate in a peering behaviour before jumping to judge the distance of the landing site. When peering, they sway back and forth and move their heads side-to-side, and that will create Motion Parallax.

42
Q

If an experimenter moves the platform ___ sync with the Locusts peering motion, they get the impression that because the platform is moving slower that it must be ___, and so they overshoot the platform.

A

in // further away

43
Q

If the platform is moved ___ sync with the Locusts peering behaviour, then it appears to be moving faster, and they think the platform is ___ than it really is, so they undershoot the platform.

A

out of // closer

44
Q

What species use non-visual cues to determine depth?

A

Bats, Dolphins, Electric fish and Sharks. They are using this to determine the same type of info, how far away is the thing from them.

45
Q

What species uses Echolocation to determine how far away is the thing from them?

A

Bats and Dolphins

46
Q

What species uses Electrolocation to determine how far away is the thing from them?

A

Electric fish and Sharks

47
Q

What animals are most often used when conducting neural studies of depth processing?

A

Most of the neural studies of depth processing use either cats or monkeys because they have frontal facing eyes.

48
Q

If there is a cell that has a receptive field position that is placed in the same location in both the L and R eye, this cell would code for ___ Disparity.

A

Zero

49
Q

If there is a cell in V1 where the Receptive Field Location in the L retina is directly at the Fovea, but in the R Retina it is slightly off of the Fovea, in this case Temporal, this would code for Disparity, and this would be a ___.

A

Disparity Selective Neuron

50
Q

Neurons in the Primary Visual Cortex have depth processing information and have preferred ___.

A

Disparities

51
Q

Some Binocular Neurons in the Visual Cortex (V1) are ___.

A

Disparity Specific

52
Q

Where in the brain/cortex is depth information is used for different purposes?

A

Out of the Visual Cortex, along the Parietal/Dorsal and Ventral/Temporal streams, it’s become clear that depth information is used for different purposes.

53
Q

Along the Dorsal stream, neurons mostly respond to ___.

A

Absolute Depth

54
Q

What do the neurons along the Parietal/Dorsal stream that mostly respond to Absolute Depth likely play a role in?

A

Performing actions on objects such as grasping and reaching

55
Q

Why is Absolute Depth required in performing actions on objects such as grasping and reaching?

A

Because these actions have to be very accurate in order to be successful.

56
Q

Along the Temporal/Ventral stream, neurons are mostly coding for ___ and ___ that are likely supporting ___ perception.

A

Relative Depth // Pictorial Depth Cues // object/shape

57
Q

Developmental Studies make use of the ___ principle.

A

use-it or lose-it

58
Q

Kittens who were raised for 6 months with only Monocular vision (L or R eye patched on alternate days), each eye was receiving proper stimulation but never at the same time. As a result, electrophysiologists showed that there were very few ___ neurons in Primary Visual Cortex/V1. The cats could not behaviorally use ___ information for behavioural tasks.

A

Binocular // Stereopsis

59
Q

What did Developmental studies done on kittens indicate?

A

That there is Plasticity in the Primary Visual Cortex, and that Binocular Neurons are involved in the percept of Stereopsis.

60
Q

What are Microstimulation Studies?

A

When an electrode is lowered into the brain and passes very small currents which causes neurons to Depolarize and fire action potentials.

61
Q

What did Microstimulation Studies on Binocular Disparity done on Monkeys show?

A

The Monkey’s behavioural report of perceived depth is skewed towards the stimulated depth. This is a rare study that is able to have a causal relationship between neural population coding and perception.

62
Q

What does the Middle Temporal Cortex code for?

A

The Middle Temporal Cortex codes for motion and also depth, it has columnar organization such that there are columns for different motion directions but also columns for different depths.

63
Q

The Middle Temporal Cortex has columns for different ___ but also columns for different ___.

A

motion directions // depths

64
Q

How is the Angle of Disparity created?

A

When the image of the object does not fall on the Horopter, causing it to fall on non-corresponding points on the L and R eyes.

65
Q

What is the Angle of disparity?

A

The difference between the L-eye view and R-eye view that creates an angle when the image of the object does not fall on the Horopter, causing it to fall on non-corresponding points on the L and R eyes.

66
Q

The Microstimulation study done on monkeys is the only one that has shown a Causal relationship between ___ and ___.

A

neural population coding // perception

67
Q

In the Microstimulation study done on Monkeys, the behavioural report of perceived depth is skewed ___ the ___.

A

towards // stimulated depth

PSYO2150 - Midterm #2 - Perceptual Processes (15 decks)

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