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Anatomy > Chapter 6 Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skin

A

Protection (physical and Chemical
Regulation of body temperature
Contains sensory receptors
Excretion and absorption
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Stores Nutrients

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2
Q

How thichk is the integumentary system

A
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3
Q

what tissue types did the integumentary system contain

A

all 4

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4
Q

how large is the integumentary system

A

22 square feet

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5
Q

what are the two layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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6
Q

What tissue are the Epiderms made up of

A

Epithelial

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7
Q

What tissues are the dermis made up of

A

mostly connective, with some nerve, muscle, and epithelial

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8
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

a layer of adipose and areolar tissue (also known as hypodermis or subQ)

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9
Q

Characteristics of Epidermis

A

Mostly stratified squamous epithelium, it contains no blood vessels, 4 types of cells, 5 distinct strata (layer) of cells

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10
Q

What are the four types of cells in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells

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11
Q

Keratinocytes

A

90% of the epidermis, made from stem cells of skin and produce keratin, which strengthens and waterproofs the skin.

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12
Q

Melanocytes

A

8% of the epidermis; produces the pigment melanin

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13
Q

Langerhan cell (dendritic)

A

Comes from bone marrow, and provides immunity

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14
Q

Merkel cells (tactile cells)

A

Found in the deepest layer (Basale layer) forms touch receptors with sensory neurons.

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15
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A

Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale

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16
Q

Basale Layer

A

is the deepest layer of the epidermis, a single layer of cells, attached to the basement membrane, contains Merkel cells, melanocytes, and keratinocytes, it is the only are of cell division in the epidermis

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17
Q

Spinosum Layer

A

8 to ten layers of keratinocytes held together by desmosomes, these cells take in the pigment melanin by phagocytosis from nearby melanocytes, Langerhan cells found here help with immunity.

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18
Q

Granulosum layer

A

3-5 layers of flat dying keratinocytes, keritinization occurs as cells move upward

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19
Q

Keratinization

A

Nucleus and Organelles degenerate, cells fill with keratin and die

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20
Q

Lucidum Layer

A

Only found in thick skin (soles of feet and palms), 3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells

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21
Q

Corneum layer

A

25 to 30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin, acts as a barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals, and bacteria

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22
Q

what is produced when stem cells deivide

A

keratinocutes

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23
Q

keratinocytes are filled with what

A

keratin

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24
Q

how long does it take for cells to grow and be shed

A

4 weeks (2 to get to the corneum, 2 more before they shed)

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25
Q

Psoriasis

A

chronic skin disorder in which cells shed in 7-10 days as flakey silvery scales, abnormal keratin produced

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26
Q

Skin grafts

A

covering a wound with a piece of healthy skin

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27
Q

What would cause the need for skin grafts

A

damage of stem cells

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28
Q

Autograft

A

skin graft from self

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29
Q

isograft

A

skin graft from twin

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30
Q

Autologous skin

A

transplantation of skin from self, grown to size in a lab

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31
Q

How do melanocytes make melanin

A

By converting turosine to melanin

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32
Q

What increases melanin production

A

UV in sunlight

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33
Q

What causes freckles

A

a patch of melanocytes

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34
Q

Albanism

A

Lack of tyrosinase; no pigment

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35
Q

vitilligo

A

auto immune loss of melanocutes in areas of the skin, produces white patches.

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36
Q

where is Carotene found

A

in the stratum corneum and the dermis

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37
Q

What is Carotine

A

Yellow-Orange pigment (precursor of vitamin A)

If other pigments are not present epidermis is translucent so pinkness will be evident

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38
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Red, Oxygen carrying pigment in blood

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39
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes, caused by buidup of yellow bilirubin in blood from liver disease

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40
Q

Cyanotic

A

Bluish color to nail beds and skin, hemoglobin depleted of oxygen looks purple-blue

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41
Q

Erythema

A

Redness of skin due to enlargment of capilaries in the dermis

42
Q

Papillary Region Function

A

anchors epidermis to dermis, contains cappilaries theat feed epidermis, and contains messner’s corpuscels (touch) and free nerve endings (pain and temperature)

43
Q

Papillary region location and makeup

A

top 20% of the dermis, comosed of lood connective tissue and elastic fibers

44
Q

Reticular Region

A

contains interlacing collagen and elatic fibers, contains, filled with oil glands, sweat gland ducts, a little bit of fat and hair folicalles

45
Q

What is in the Reticular Region

A

contains interlacing collagen and elatic fibers, contains, filled with oil glands, sweat gland ducts, a little bit of fat and hair folicalles

46
Q

Reticular Region Function

A

Provides strength, extensability and elasticity to the skis

47
Q

What causes differences in skin color

A

different type of melanin produced

48
Q

Freckles

A

Melanocytes in a patch

49
Q

albinism

A

No tyrosinase (pigment)

50
Q

Vitiligo

A

autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of skin, produces white patches

51
Q

Carotene

A

Yello-orange pigment found in stratum corneum and dermis

52
Q

hemoglobin

A

red, oxygen carrying pigment in blood cells

53
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowish color to skin and whites of eyes; caused by buildup of yellw bilirubin in blood from liver disease

54
Q

Cyatonic

A

Bluish color to nails and skin; caused by depletiokn of oxygen which makes hemoglobin look purple-blue

55
Q

Erythema

A

redness of skin due to enlargement of cappillaries in dermis; shows during inflammation, infection, allergy, or burns

56
Q

Shaft (hair)

A

visible segment of hair

57
Q

Follicle

A

Surrond root of hair; bulb shaped

58
Q

Arrector Pili

A

Smooth muscle in dermis that contracts with cold or fear and makes goosebumps

59
Q

2 stages of Hair growth cycle

A

Growth stage and resting stage

60
Q

how long does the growth stage last

A

2-6 years

61
Q

how long does the resting stage last

A

3 months

62
Q

What is the cause of hair color

A

melanin produced by melanocytes in hair bulb

63
Q

Functions of hair

A
  • Prevents heat loss
  • decreases sunburn
  • eylashes protect eyes
  • touch receptors sense touch
64
Q

4 exocrine glands found in the dermis

A
  • Sebaceous (oil)
  • Sudoriferous (sweat)
  • Ceruminous (wax)
  • Mammary (milk)
65
Q

Secretory portion of the sebum

A

Sebaceous Glands

66
Q

Where are sebaceous glands

A

open onto hair shafts

67
Q

what is sebum made out of

A

Cholesterol, proteins, fats and salts

68
Q

What is the function of sebum

A

keeps hair soft and pliable; inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi

69
Q

Acne

A
  • bacterial inflammation of glands
  • secretions stimulated by horomones at puberty
70
Q

Where are Eccrine glands found

A

most areas of the skin

71
Q

Purpose of eccrine glands

A

regulate body temperature

72
Q

where are Apocrine glands

A

armpit and pubic regions

73
Q

Sweat gland associated with Body Odor

A

Apocrine glands

74
Q

What causes body oder

A

bacteria metabolizing the sweat

75
Q

Ceruminous gland

A

modified sweat glands that produce waxy secretion in the ear

76
Q

mammary gland

A

secretes milk

77
Q

what are nails made of

A

tightly packed keratinized cells

78
Q

how fast do nails grow

A

1mm per week

79
Q

where is thick skin

A

palms of hands and soles of feet

80
Q

what does thick skin have that thin doesn’t

A

stratum lucidum

81
Q

general functions of skin

A

Regulation of body temperature
Contain Sensory receptors
Excretion and absorption
Synthesis of vitamin D
Stores nutrients

82
Q

how large of the skin

A

22 square feet

83
Q

how heavy is the skin

A

15% of body weight

84
Q

thermoregulation

A
  • Releasing of sweat onto the skin
  • Adjusting flow of blood to the body surface
  • Shivering and constriction of surface vessels
85
Q

how is vitamin D created

A

absorbed by skin, than transformed by liver and kidnies into calcitrol

85
Q

how is vitamin D created

A

absorbed by skin, than transformed by liver and kidnies into calcitrol

86
Q

4 phases of deep wound healing

A

Hemeostasis, Inflamation, Proligerative, Maturation

86
Q

4 phases of deep wound healing

A

Hemeostasis, Inflamation, Proligerative, Maturation

87
Q

Hemeostasis

A

Blood vessels tighten (vasoconstriction), Fibrin (protein) forms a blood clot on the skin

88
Q

Inflimation

A

Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation), white blood cells (macrophages) arrive to phagocytize bacteria and release growth factors.

89
Q

Proliferative

A

Fibroblasts arrive and synthesize collagen fibers to regenerate the dermis.

90
Q

Maturation

A

Adult stem cells divide to regenerate tissue.

91
Q

Maturation

A

Adult stem cells divide to regenerate tissue.

92
Q

Hypertrophic scars

A

remain within origional wound

93
Q

Keloid scar

A

extends beyon original wound

94
Q

3 forms of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanomas

95
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

rarely metastasize

96
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

May metastasize

97
Q

malignant melanomas

A

metastasize rapidly

98
Q

what causes Pressure Sores

A

constant deficiency of blood flow to tissue

Anatomy (9 decks)

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