Chapter 5- Tissues Flashcards
interstitial fluid
the fluid that occupies space between cells and bathes them in nutrients
Tight junction
when the membranes of adjacent cells converge and fuse. Typically join cells that form sheet-like layers (Ex. digestive tract and blood vessels in the brain)
Cells
Perform one or more specialized functions for the body
Where is interstitial fluid derived from
blood
Desmosomes
Adhesion junctions (spot welds) form a reinforced structural unit
Gap Junctions
“communication junctions”; allow direct passage of ions, nutrients and other small molecules to move between them
Gap Junctions
“communication junctions”; allow direct passage of ions, nutrients and other small molecules to move between them
what are the four types of tissues
Epithelial, connective, nervous and Muscle
Where is Epithelial Tissue Found
It covers the surface of the body, and lines the
internal structures and cavities of the body.
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
absorption, secretion, filtration and protection
Which type of cell always has one free surface
Epithelial
What is the free surface of an epithelial tissue called
apical surface ( always exposed to the exterior of the body or to the cavity)
basement membre
A thin nonliving layer that anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue
Microvilli
finger like extensions of the plasma membrane that greatly increase surface area.
Where can Microvilli be found
lining the small intestines
Cilia
tiny hair-like projections on cell surfaces that move in a wavelike
manner. Used to propel substances along the epithelial surface
Where is Cilia found
tracheal lining and other internal tracts
Goblet cells
individual cells that produce mucus
What kind of tissue contains no blood vessels
Epithelial
What kind of tissue has a high regenerative capacity
Epithelial
How are epithelium labeled
Number of layers of cells and shape of cells
Simple (prefix)
Single layers, found where absorption and infiltration occur
Stratified (prefix)
Multiple Layers of cells, found in areas of high abrasion where protection is important
Squamos
Flattened and scale like; nucleus disc-shaped
Cuboidal
as tall as they are wide with a spherical nucleus
Columnar
tall and column shaped; nucleus is elongated from top to bottom
Simple Squamos
Thin and often Permeable, found where rapid diffusion is a priority
Examples of Simple Squamous
Filtrating membrane in kidneys, Walls of air sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs, inner walls of blood vessels. Lining Covering the heart and lining covering the lungs.
Simple Cuboidal
Function:secretion and absorption
Where can you find Simple Cuboidal
a. In the secretory portion of glands
b. Ducts that deliver secretions
c. Kidney tubules: for absorption
Pseudo-stratified Columnar
Only one layer of cells, but appears to be more as the nuclei are at different leves along a row, contains goblet cells and cilia
What is the major function of stratified
protectionq
Stratified squamos
Most complex and widespread stratified epithilium; Function: protection of underlying layers in areas subject to abrstoin
Stratified squamos examples
External part of tongue, Lines mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, anal canal, vagina, and Epidermis
Stratified Cuboidal
Usually only 2 layers (limited distribution in the body)
Where is stratified cuboidal found
found primarily in the ducts of Sweat, Mammary and Salivary glands
Stratified Columnar
Found in few locations; Function: Protection and secretion
Example of Stratified columnar
Male Eurethra
Transitional
Specialized to change (stretches to permit distension in response to tension.
Examples of Transitional
lining of urinary organs, ureters, bladder and part
of the urethra.
Connecive tissue
Connects other tissues and forms the components of
the intercellular material.
Connective tissue functions
support, protection, binding, insulation, and
transportation (blood).
what is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue of the body
Connective Tissue
Where is connective tissue derived from
the mesenchyme (an embryonic
tissue derived from the mesoderm germ layer).
Which tissue type has varying vascularity
Connective
Which type of tissue has an extra cellular matrix
Connectie
what results in connective tissue’s
ability to bear weight, withstand great tension, and endure
abuses (physical trauma/abrasions) that no other tissue can
withstand. The
extracellular matrix
Ground Substance
an amorphous material including various proteins, polysaccharides, and interstitial fluid.
What three types of fibers are found in connective tissue
Elastin, Reticular and collagen
Collagen Fibers
(white fibers): Extremely tough fibers (they are stronger than steel fibers of the same size) that enable the matrix in which they are found to withstand significant longitudinal stress.
Collagen Fibers
(white fibers): Extremely tough fibers (they are stronger than steel fibers of the same size) that enable the matrix in which they are found to withstand significant longitudinal stress.
Elastin Fibers
(yellow fibers): Have the ability to stretch and recoil like a rubber
band. Elastin gives the matrix in which they are found a rubbery or resilient quality; Found where ever greater elasticity is needed. Example: Skin, lungs, blood vessel walls.
Reticular fibers
Similar to collagen fibers (resemble thin collagenous fibers) and are found with collagen fibers. They surround small blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs.
What are the types of fundamental cells found in connective tissue
Fibroblasts, Macrophages, and Mast Cells
Fibroblasts
star-shaped cells that produce fibers
Macrophages
Function as scavenger cells and clear foreign particles from tissue; specialized to carry on phagocytosis
Types of connective tissue
Loose, dense, cartilage, bone, and blood
Types of loose connective tissue
Areolar, Adipos, and Reticular
Areolar
Serves as a soft
universal packing material between other body
tissues
Areolar structure
loose arrangement of supportive fibers (matrix is mostly fluid) acts as a reservoir for water and salts
Areolar location
Under Epithelia
Surround capillaries
Surface of the heart Around certain joints
Areolar Function
Wraps and cushions organs, Macrophages phagocytize bacteria, Plays important role in inflammation, Holds and conveys tissues fluid
Adipose
(fat) strong nutrient capacity
Adipose structure
Adipocytes are closely packed and
makeup 90%of the tissue’s mass.Them nucleus of these cells is pushed to the side by a large fat droplet that occupies most of the cell’s volume. They are among the largest
cells in the body. They are incapable of cell division
Is adipose vascular or avascular
Richly Vascular
Adipose location
It can develop almost anywhere, but usually in subcutaneous tissue, fat deposits are typically genetically predetermined.
Adipose function
Provides reserve food fuel. Insulates against heat loss. Acts as a shock absorber. Supports and protects organs
Reticular connective tissue structure
Loose matrix containing a network of reticular fibers and
collagenous fibers in a 3-D network.
Reticular connective tissue location
Lymphoid organs, bone marrow, spleen
Reticular connective tissue function
supports many free blood cells (primarily lymphocytes)
Dense Regular (connective)
Tissue: Has enormous tensile
strength when pulling force is applied in one direction
Major cell type of dense regular
fibroblasts
fiber types of dense regular
parallel collagen and elastin
Dense Regular location
tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses( the sheet-like tendons that attach muscles to other
muscles or to bones)
Dense Regular function
connects muscle to muscles or bones and bones to bones
Tendons
Muscle to bone connection
Ligaments
bone to bone connection
Dense irregular connective tissue
same structure as dense regular, but collagen fibers are thicker interwoven and not parallel.
Dense irregular location
Forms fibrous coating around
organs like the testes, kidneys,
bone, cartilage, nerves.
Dense irregular
withstands tension in many directions, provide structural strengh
Elastic structure
Composed (almost entirely of) elastin fibers
Elastic location
Walls of aorta, some parts of the trachea, Bronchi, Vocal cords, and ligaments that connect the vertebre
Elastic Function
provides durability while still streching
Elastic Function
provides durability while still streching
cartilage predominant cell type
chondroblast
cartilage
tough yet flexile, provides a resilient rigidity to structures, avascular no nerve fibers, firm matriz with firm collagen fibers
Three types of cartilage
Hyaline Cartilige
Most widely distributed cartilige type
Hylaine
Hylane cartillage structure
Fine collagenous fibers give glassy apperance
hylaine cartilage location
embreyotic skeleton, ends of bones, ribs, nose, larynx trachea, epiphyseal plates
Hylaine cartilage function
supports and reinforces as well as helping absorb compression
Elastic cartilage
looks yellow do to high elastic fiber count
Elastic location
Found where strength and exceptional ability to stretch are needed
Auditory tubes
External ear
Epiglottis: the flap that keeps stuff from entering the lungs
Elastic cartilage function
Maintains the shape of the structure while allowing great flexibility
Fibrocartilage structure
mostly thin collagen fibers
Fibrocartilage location
Found where strong support
and the ability to withstand
heavy pressure are required
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Discs of knee joints
Fibrocartilage function
Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
Bone (osseus tissue)
Primary cell:osteoblasts osteoclasts and osteocytes
Bone structure
Hard calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers
Deposits of inorganic calcium salts
Very well supplied with blood vessels
Bone function
Supports and protects
Provides levers for muscles to act on
Stores calcium and other minerals
Stores fat
Marrow inside bone is site for blood cell formation
Red Blood Cels
erythrocytes
White blood cells
lymphocytes
Platelets
thrombocytes
what are the fibers of blood made out of
soluble proteins that become visible during clotting
why is blood considered connective tissue
tissue because it consists of a
non-living fluid matrix-plasma containing blood
cells
Muscle tissue
Highly cellular
Well vasculated
Elongated shape enhances contractile functions
skeletal mucle tissue
form the flesh of the body
Skeletal muscle functiom
Voluntary control, locomotion, manipulation of environment, facial expressions
Skeletal muscle structure
Long cylindriccal multinucleate cells
Cardiac muscle tissue structure
some striations, branched cells that connect at intercolated discs
Cardiac muscle function
Involuntary, pumps blood
Smooth muscle location
walls of hollow organs
Smooth muscle Structure
Spindle shaped cells with a central nucleus, no striations, cells form sheets
smooth muscle function
Involuntary, propels substances through organs
nervous tissue location
Brain, spinal cord and nerves
Neurons
generate and conduct nerve impolsises
three types of neurons
sensory, motor, and associative
Sensory neurons
receive impulses from sensory receptorsq
Motor Neurons
carry impulses to effectors
Associative Neurons
relay impulses from sensory to motor.
Neuroglia cells
support, insulate, and protect delicate neurons
