Ch 7 Bone Tissue Flashcards
The skeletal system is made up of primarily what kind of tissue
connective tissues
The skeletal system makes up how much of the body
20% of the mass
Compact
dense, looks smooth, homogenous
Spongy
Interior of bone, a lot of open space filled with marrow
Trabecule
small needle-like or flat pieces of bone that make up the interior of the bone
what do bones produce
blood cells
Hematopoiesis
the process of blood cell formation
where does hematopoises occur
the marrow cavities of certain bones
What do bones store
minerals and fat
how many bones are in the body
206
four types of bone shapes
long, short, irregular, and flat
what type of bones are long bones
Primarily compact with some spongy
examples of long bones
the legs, thigh, arms,
forearms, fingers, toes, bones of the hand and
foot, and the collar bone.
diaphysis
tubular central shaft of a long bone
Medullary cavities
cavities in long bones taht store fat (yellow marrow), blood vessels and nerve cells
Epiphyses
the bone ends or extremities
Which is more expanded epiphyses or diaphysis
Epipyses
areas in long bones that routinely produce new blood cells
spongy bone in the head and femur
Epiphyseal line
remnant of the epiphyseal plate (where long bones lengthen)
Periosteum
double layered membrane covering the outer surface of the diaphysis
What is the inner layer of the periosteum made of
elastic fibers, blood vessels, osteoblsats and osteoclasts
what is the outer layer of the periosteum made of
connective tissue, blood bessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
Function of periosteum
Initiates growth, development, and repair of bone
how many layers in the periosteum
2
Endosteum
connective tissue membrane covering the internal bone surfaces
endosteum function
covers trabeculae of spongy bone
Lines the canals that pass through compact bone
Articular cartilage
covering of the epiphyseal surfaces, cushions bone ends and absorbs stress during joint movement
Articular cartilage function
Cushions bone ends and absorbs stress during joint movemement
Articular cartilage tissue
glassy textured hylaine cartilage
Short bones
cube-like bones
Short bone examples
tarsals carpals and patella
Short bones bone types
Mostly soongy with thin surface layer of compact
Flat bones
Thin, flattened and usually slightly curved bones
Flat bones bone types
2 roughly pareallel compact bones with spongy bone between
Flat Bones examples
Sternum, ribs and most cranial bones
Most significant areas of blood cell formation
Flat bones (sternum/scalpula)
Irregular bones
Have complicated shapes and don’t fit into other classes
Irregular bones bone types
mostly spongy bone enclosed by thin layers of compact bone
Irregular bones examples
vertebrae, hip bones, and some skull bones (mostly facial)
T/F irregular bones make blood cells
True
Example-hip
Foramen
oval or round opening
What is the region of the chin called
the mental region
Fissure
Groove or slit like opening in bone
Meatus
canal like passage in the bone
Fossa
shallow, basin or bowl-like depression
Groove
shallow depression or furrow
Notch
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Sinus
Enclosed cavity within a bone, filled with air; lined with mucus membrane
Projections
muscle and ligament attachments to bone
Crest
prominent narrow ridge
Tuberosity
Large and rounded rough surface
Process
any prominence of bone
Trochanter
very large, blunt process
Where is the trochanter found
only on the femur
Tubercle
small rounded process
How is the Tubercle different than the tuberocity
it is smaller
Epicondyle
raised area on or above condyle
Line (bone marking)
narrow ridge of bone
not as prominent as the crest
Projections (processes)
help form joints or are the sites of muscle and ligament attachment
Head
bone expansion protruding from a narrow neck
Facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Condyle
Rounded knuckle-like process where one bone articulates with another
Ramus
arm-like bar of bone
Neck
narrow part of bone between “head” and “shaft”
Spine
sharp, slender process
how dense is compact bone
Not very as it is riddled with canals and passageways that serve as conduits for nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
Structural unit of compact bone
The osteon or Haversian sustem
what is the tiny weight-bearing pillar
osteon
osteon
an elongated culindar oriented along the long axos of the bone; consits of a group of hollow tubes of bone matrix
Lamella
one of the cylindrical layers of the osteon
T/F collagen fibers in the same lamella run in different directions
F
T/F collagen fibers in adjacent lamella run in different opposite
T
Haversian canal
runs through the core of each osteon; containing blood vessels and nerve fibers
Volkmann’s (perforating) canals
run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone connecting the vascular and nerves supplies of the pariosteum to those of the haversian canals and medullary cavity
The Haversian and Volkmann’s canals are lined with what
endosteum
where are osteocytes found
small concavities called lacunae and at the junctions of lamellae
Canaliculi
connects lacuane to eachother and to the Haversian canal also tie all osteocytes together, help nutrients and waste to be shated from one osteocyte to another
ossification
formation of bone from other tissue types
intramembranous bones
bones that ossify from a membrane
endochondral bones
bones that ossify from hyaline cartilage
examples of intramembranous bones
most flat bones (cranium bones, sternum, scalpula)
examples of endochondral bones
long bones, short bones and irregular bones
function of ossification in adults
remodeling and repair of bones
Growth Horomone (GH)
the horomone that stimulates bone growth
Gigantism
Too much growth horomone
Dwarfism
Too little growth horomone
when is your skeleton fully grown
the age of 25
what happens whn calcium levels in blood are low
Parathyroid Horomone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone tissue, releasing calcium into blood.
what happens when calcium levels in blood are high
calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts to form bone cells, removing calcium from the blood
osteomalicia
an abscence of vitamin D affecting absorbtion of calcium , softening and deforming of bones
Osteoporosis
when bone breakdown outpaces bone formation, causing bones to become porus and weakened
Vitamin A
Necessary for osteoclast activity during bone developement
Vitamin C
required for collagen synthesis
Vitamin D
Necessary for proper absorption of (and transportation of) calcium in the small intestined
yellow marrow
fat
red marrow
makes blood
lacunae
spaces between layers of osteons, where osteocytes are found
osteoblasts
bone makers
osteoclasts
break down bones
bone remodeling
bones are destroyed by osteoclasts and are re-made by osteoblasts
how much of the body mass is bones
20%
How much of osseus is cells compared to intercellular minerals/protiens
1/3 cell 2/3 intercelllular minerals/protiens
two main minerals found in bone
phosphorus and calcium
Functions of bones
provide support, protect soft organs and functions as levers to move body, body’s mineral bank, body’s blood cell factory, stores fat
where in a long bone would blood be produced
spongy bone
where in a long bone would blood be produced
spongy bone
growth plate
the area at the ends of long bones where they grow
What is the inner layer of the periosteum made of
elastic fibers, blood vessels, osteoblsats and osteoclasts
Function of periosteum
Initiates growth, development, and repair of bone
