Chapter 6: Health and Wellness (Intro Wk) Flashcards
What is Healthy People
Healthy people sets 10 year national objectives to help the United States increase its focus on health promotion and disease prevention (instead of illness care) and encourages cooperation among individuals, communities, and other public, private, and nonprofit organizations to improve health from an interprofessional approach.
What did Healthy People 2020 focus on
It identified leading health indicators (LHIs) which are high priority health issues
What did Healthy People 2030 focus on
It promoted a holistic approach to health promotion and disease prevention. Examples of the health topics and objectives as defined by Healthy People 2030 include physical activity; adolescent health; tobacco use; substance abuse; sexually transmitted diseases; mental health and mental disorders; injury and violence prevention; environmental health, immunization and infectious disease; access to health services; and LGBTQ+ health
Define Health
state of complete physical, mental and social well-being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It is a state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality and lifestyle. Culture influences health.
Life conditions also have a positive and negative effect. Life conditions include environment, diet, lifestyle
What is the purpose of health models
Models help explain complex concepts or ideas such as health and illness
Models help you understand the relationships between complex concepts or ideas and a patient’s attitude toward health and health behaviors
Health Beliefs
Health beliefs are a person’s ideas, convictions, and attitudes about health and illness. They can be based on reality or false expectations, facts or misinformation, common sense or myths, or good or bad experiences.
What are the 2 type of health behaviors people usually have
- Positive Health Behaviors - maintains, attain, or regain health and prevent illness. Common positive health behaviors include immunizations, scheduled screenings (e.g., colonoscopy, mammogram), proper sleep patterns, adequate exercise, stress management, and nutrition.
- Negative Health behaviors - practices that are harmful to health, such as smoking, drug or alcohol abuse, risky sexual behaviors, poor diet, and refusing to take necessary medications.
What is the Health Belief model
The Health Belief Model addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors
What are the 3 components of the health belief model
- individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness.
- individual’s perception of the seriousness of the illness.
- likelihood that a person will take preventive action.
What is the Health Promotion model
The Health Promotion Model (HPM) defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of disease. Health promotion increases a patient’s level of well-being. The HPM describes the multidimensional nature of people as they interact within their environment to pursue health.
What are the three areas the Health Promotion model focuses on
The model focuses on the following three areas: (1) individual characteristics and experiences; (2) behavior-specific cognitions and affect; and (3) behavioral outcome, in which the patient commits to or changes a behavior.
What are the three steps of the health promotion model
- Individual characteristics and experiences including prior related behavior and personal factors (biological, psychological, and sociocultural) lead to behavior specific cognitions and affect.
- Prior related behavior include activity-related affect, perceived self-efficacy, perceived benefits of action, and perceived barriers to action while personal factors include interpersonal influences and situational influences and options, demand characteristics, esthetics.
- The factors along with immediate competing demands and preferences lead to commitment to a plan of action, which further leads to a health-promoting behavioral outcome.
What is Maslows Hierarchy of needs
Nurses use Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs. Although each person has unique needs, all people share basic human needs, and the extent to which people meet their basic needs is a major factor in determining their level of health.
How do nurses apply Maslow’s hierarchy of needs while practicing
Maslow’s hierarchy provides a basis for nurses to care for patients of all ages in all health settings. It is important to apply Maslow’s hierarchy to each patient individually. To provide the most effective care, you need to understand the relationships among different needs and the factors that determine the priorities for each patient.
What are the five levels of Maslows Hierarchy
From Top to Bottom:
Self-actualization;
Self-esteem;
Love and belonging needs;
Safety and security including physical and psychological safety; and
Physiological: Oxygen, fluids, nutrition, body temperature, elimination, shelter, and sex.
What is the holistic health model
The relationships among body, mind, and spirit affect a person’s overall health. The Holistic Health Model of nursing promotes a patient’s optimal level of health by considering the dynamic interactions among the emotional, spiritual, social, cultural, and physical aspects of an individual’s wellness. You put your patients at the center of their care and recognize your patients as the ultimate experts concerning their own health. A patient’s subjective experience is relevant in maintaining health or assisting in healing. The Holistic Health Model empowers patients to engage in their own recovery and assume some responsibility for health maintenance
What are some of the most widely used holistic interventions used in the holistic health model
meditation, music therapy, reminiscence, relaxation therapy, therapeutic touch, and guided imagery. These holistic strategies, which can be used in all stages of health and illness, are integral in the expanding role of nursing.
What are some internal variables that influence health
Internal variables include a person’s developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of functioning, and emotional and spiritual factors.
Describe the developmental stage of the internal variable
A person’s perceptions of health, illness, and health behaviors change over time. Considering a patient’s growth and developmental stage helps you predict a patient’s response to an actual illness or the threat of a future illness. Adapt your nursing care based on a patient’s developmental stage and the ability to participate in self-care.
Describe the intellectual background of the internal variables
A person’s beliefs about health are shaped in part by educational background, traditions, and past experiences, all of which influence knowledge or misinformation about health and illness.
Perception of functioning
When you assess a patient’s level of health, gather subjective data about the way a patient perceives physical functioning, such as level of fatigue, shortness of breath, or pain. Then obtain objective data about actual functioning such as blood pressure, height measurements, and lung sounds. Analyzing this information allows you to plan and implement individualized approaches to improve a person’s ability to function (e.g., self-care, mobility) more successfully.
Emotional factors
A patient’s degree of stress, fear, anxiety, depression, or fear influences health beliefs and practices. How people handle stress influences their reaction to illness.
Spiritual factors
Spirituality serves as an integrating theme in people’s lives and often provides motivation to participate in health promoting activities. Religious practices are one way that people exercise spirituality. Some religions restrict the use of certain forms of medical treatment. You need to understand patients’ spiritual beliefs to incorporate them effectively in nursing care.
What are external variables
External variables influencing a person’s health beliefs and practices include family practices, psychosocial and socioeconomic factors, and cultural background.
Family role and practices
The roles and organization of a family influence how each family member defines health and illness and values health practices. Families’ perceptions of the seriousness of diseases and their history of preventive care behaviors (or lack of them) influence how patients think about health.
Social determinants of health
Health is determined by a person’s circumstances and environment. Factors such as where a person lives, the quality of the environment, income, educational level, and relationships with others have a considerable impact on a patient’s health. Social determinants of health (SDOH) include a variety of social, commercial, cultural, economic, environmental, and political factors that affect health disparities. They refer to the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. There are five categories of SDOH: economic stability, education access and quality, health care access and quality, social and community context, and neighborhood and built environment.
How does culture influence health
Culture influences a patient’s beliefs, values, and customs. It influences the approach to the health care systems, personal health practices, and the nurse-patient relationship. Cultural background also influences an individual’s beliefs about causes of illness and remedies or practices to restore health. If you are not aware of your own cultural patterns of behavior and language, you will have difficulty interacting with your patients and recognizing and understanding your patient’s behaviors and beliefs. Effective nursing interventions incorporate cultural factors into a patient’s, family’s, or community’s plan of care.
What is the purpose of health promotion
Helps individuals maintain or enhance their present health
What is the purpose of health education
Helps people develop a greater understanding of their health and how to better manage their health risks
What is the purpose of illness prevention activities
protects people from actual or potential threats to health
What are the 3 levels of prevention
- Primary prevention
- Secondary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
Primary Prevention
Primary prevention is true prevention. Its goal is to reduce the incidence of disease. Many primary prevention programs are supported by the government (e.g., federally funded immunization programs). Primary prevention includes health education programs, nutritional programs, and physical fitness activities. It includes all health promotion efforts and wellness education activities that focus on maintaining or improving the general health of individuals, families, and communities.
Secondary prevention
Secondary prevention focuses on preventing the spread of disease, illness, or infection once it occurs. Activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention, hopefully reducing severity and enabling the patient to return to a normal level of health as early as possible. Examples include identifying people who have a new case of a disease or following people who have been exposed to a disease but do not have it yet. It includes screening techniques and treating early stages of disease to limit disability by averting or delaying the consequences of advanced disease. Screening activities may lead to primary prevention intervention. For example, a nurse screens a patient who is obese for diabetes mellitus. After gathering more information from the patient, the nurse provides health education about physical activity and preventing hypertension.
Tertiary prevention
Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration. Activities are directed at rehabilitation rather than diagnosis and treatment. For example, a patient with a spinal cord injury undergoes rehabilitation to learn how to use a wheelchair and perform activities of daily living independently. Care at this level helps patients achieve as high a level of functioning as possible, despite the limitations caused by illness or impairment.
Examples of primary prevention
Health education
Good nutrition based on developmental stage
Provision of adequate housing, recreation, and working conditions
Marriage counseling, sex education, and genetic screening
Providing immunizations
Attention to personal hygiene
Use of environmental sanitation
Protection from occupational hazards
Protection from accidents and carcinogens
Examples of secondary prevention
Individual and mass screening surveys
Focused examinations to cure and prevent diseases, prevent spread of communicable diseases, prevent complications, limit disability, and prevent death
Adequate treatment to stop disease process and prevent further complications
Provision of facilities to limit disability and prevent death
Examples of tertiary prevention
Providing retraining and education to return to highest level of functioning
Helping people with disabilities find work and accommodating them in the workplace
Risk Factor
A risk factor is any attribute, quality, environmental situation, or trait that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident. Nurses in all areas of practice have opportunities to reduce patients’ risk factors to promote health and decrease risks of illness or injury. It is very important to identify patient’s risk factors to keep them safe and prevent further injury or illness.Impaired gait, reduced vision, and lower extremity weakness are examples of risk factors for falls.
What are the 3 types of risk factors
- Nonmodifiable risk factors
- Modifiable risk factors
- Environment
Nonmodifiable risk factors
Nonmodifiable risk factors cannot be changed like age, gender, genetics, and family history.
Modifiable risk factors
Some risk factors such as lifestyle practices and behaviors can be modified. Modifiable behavioral risk factors include smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, stressors, and insufficient rest and sleep. These risk factors put people at risk for certain chronic illnesses, such as diabetes and heart disease and risk for developing specific diseases. For example, excessive sunbathing increases the risk of skin cancer, and smoking also increases the risk of lung cancer.
Environment as a risk factor
Where we live and the condition of that area (its air, water, and soil) determine how we live, what we eat, the disease agents to which we are exposed, our risk factors, our state of health, and our ability to adapt. The physical environment in which a person works or lives can increase the likelihood that certain illnesses will occur. For example, some kinds of cancer and other diseases are more likely to develop when people are exposed to certain chemicals at work or when people live near toxic waste disposal sites.
Wellness strategy
Once you identify a patient’s risk factors, you can implement appropriate and relevant health education and counseling to help a person change or implement behaviors to maintain or improve health status. This is called a wellness strategy. It includes risk-factor modification, health promotion, and illness prevention activities.
Transtheoretical Model of Change
Series of five stages people go through when they make a change
- Precontemplation- No intent to make changes within the next 6 months
Patient is unaware of, not interested in, or underestimates the problem. May be defensive.
“There is nothing I really need to change.”
- Contemplation- Considering a change within the next 6 months
May be ambivalent about the change or is thinking about making a change.
“I have a problem that I think I need to work on.”
- Preparation- Making small changes in preparation for a change in the next month
May have tried to make changes in the past but was unsuccessful. Patient believes that advantages outweigh disadvantages of behavior change.
“I started running once, but I didn’t keep it up. I think I might try again in a few weeks.”
- Action- Actively engaged in strategies to change behavior; lasts up to 6 months
Committed to change. Previous habits may become barriers to change.
“I am really working hard to stop smoking.”
- Maintenance stage- Sustained change over time; begins 6 months after action has started and continues indefinitely
Changes integrated into the patient’s lifestyle and behaviors adopted to prevent relapse.
“I need to avoid people who smoke so I won’t be tempted to start smoking again.”
What is disease
A medical condition that causes distress for a person in the form of its symptoms is referred to as a disease. It is a generic term that includes all disorders, infections, disabilities, and deformities that can afflict human beings.
What is illness
Illness is a state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired. It is a feeling of poor health.A person can feel ill in the presence or absence of a disease. A person can feel ill even when there is no underlying medical condition.
What are the 2 types of illnesses
Both acute and chronic diseases have the potential to affect many dimensions of functioning. An acute disease is usually reversible and has a short duration. The symptoms appear abruptly, are intense, and subside after a relatively short period. A chronic disease on the other hand usually lasts more than 6 months, is irreversible, and affects functioning in one or more systems. Patients often fluctuate between maximal functioning and serious health relapses that may be life threatening.
Name the external and internal variables that influence illness and illness behavior
- Internal variables - patient’s perceptions of symptoms and the nature of a disease. An example are patient’s coping skills. If patients believe that the symptoms of their diseases disrupt their normal routine is serious or life threatening, they are more likely to seek health care assistance than if they do not perceive the symptoms to be disruptive.
- External variables - External variables influencing a patient’s illness behavior include the visibility of symptoms, social group, cultural background, economic variables, accessibility of the health care system, and social support. The visibility of an individual’s symptoms affects body image and illness behavior. A patient with a visible symptom (e.g., a high fever) is often more likely to seek assistance than a patient with no visible symptoms (e.g., symptoms associated with ovarian cancer such as fatigue and bloating).
How does the illness have an impact on the patient and family
- behavioral and emotional changes
- impact on body image
- impact on self-concept - mental self image of all aspects of your personality
- impact on family roles
- impact on family dynamics
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which need would the patient seek to meet first?
A. Self actualization
B. Self Esteem
C. Shelter
D. Love and belonging
Self Actualization
