Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nursing Fundamentals > Chapter 28: Infection Prevention (Intro Wk) > Flashcards

Chapter 28: Infection Prevention (Intro Wk) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Pharmacology flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) flashcards
1
Q

How does disease or infection result?

A

Disease or infection results only if the pathogens multiply and alter normal tissue function. You start looking for colonization, communicable diseases, look for vectors, look for symptomatic people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define infection

A

Results when a pathogen invades tissues and begins growing within a host. It is the invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms — it results in disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define colonization

A

Presence and growth of microorganisms within a host but without tissue invasion or damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define communicable disease

A

infectious process transmitted from one person to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the chain of infection include

A
  1. Infectious agent or pathogen
  2. Reservoir or source for pathogen growth
  3. Port of exit from the reservoir
  4. Mode of transmission
  5. Port of entry to a host
  6. Susceptible host
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most effective way to break the chain of infection

A

Hand Hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the reservoir in the chain of infection

A

A place where microorganisms survive, multiply and await transfer to a susceptible host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Does the presence of a pathogen mean infection will occur?

A

No, the presence of a pathogen DOES NOT mean an infection will occur. Infection occurs in a cycle that depends on the presence of all of the elements in the chain of infection. If the chain is broken, you will hopefully not become symptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can be done to prevent infection

A
  1. Wash hands for 20 seconds or more
  2. Nutritious diet - lets of Vitamin C, Zinc, Calcium and protein
  3. PPE
  4. Prevent reservoirs for pathogens, time, date and initial all equipment and saline, sterile water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What 2 types are human reservoirs divided into

A

1 Those with acute or symptomatic disease
2. Those who show no signs of disease but are carriers of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What kind of environment do organisms need to thrive

A
  1. Aerobic - bacteria that requires oxygen for survival and for multiplication sufficient to cause disease
  2. Anaerobic - bacteria thrive where little or no free oxygen is available
  3. Water or moisture for survival
  4. Ideal temperature between 68 - 109 F (20-43 C)
  5. pH between 5-7
  6. Dark environments such as those under dressings and within body cavities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Systemic

A

An infection that affects the entire body instead of just a single organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are modes of transmissions

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
  3. Droplet
  4. Airborne
  5. Vehicles - contaminated items
  6. Vector - External mechanical transfer/internal transmission such as parasitic conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 4 stages of the infectious process

A
  1. Incubation period - time interval between entrance of the pathogen and appearance of first symptoms
  2. Prodromal stage - may or may not see any symptoms. Most infectious. Interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptom
  3. Illness stage - interval when the patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to the type of infection
  4. Convalescence - interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do our bodies protect us against infection

A

Normal flora, body system defenses – our organs and by inflammation (inflammation is the cellular response of the body to injury, infection or irritation - it is also the reaction that delivers fluid, blood products and nutrients to injured area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Normal flora

A

They are microorganisms that reside in the body and maintain a sensitive balance with other microorganisms to prevent infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the inflammatory response events that take place

A
  1. Vascular and cellular responses - this process neutralizes and eliminates pathogens or dead (necrotic) tissues and establishes a means of repairing body cells and tissues
  2. Formation of inflammatory exudates
  3. Tissue repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain the cellular response that occurs during inflammation

A

WBC arrive at the site – the WBC pass through blood vessels and into the tissues — then phagocytosis and leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Specialized white blood cells called neutrophils and monocytes that ingest and destroy microorganisms or other small particles during the cellular response of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Leukocytosis

A

It is the increase in the number of circulating WBCs – response of the body to WBCs leaving blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the normal range of WBC in an adult

A

5,000 to 10,000/mm3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the WBC rise to during inflammation

A

15,000 to 20,000 or higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are inflammatory exudates

A

accumulation of fluid, dead tissue cells and WBCs forms an exudate. It can be serous (clear like plasma), sanguineous (containing RBCs) or purulent (containing WBC and bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are signs of local vs. systemic inflammation

A

Local - swelling, redness, heat, pain, tenderness, loss of function in affected body part

Systemic - fever, increased WBC, nausea, vomiting, lymph node enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What PPE would you wear if you were changing a wound dressing?

A

Wounds are purulents (contains WBCs and bacteria). First wash hands, if it smells waft it, wear goggles, mask and gloves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is normal flora located in the body?

A

Surface and deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa, in the GI and GU tracts

27
Q

What are Healthcare associated infections (HAI)

A

HAI results from delivery of health services in a health care facility. They occur as the result of invasive procedures, antibiotic administration, presence of multidrug resistant organisms and breaks in infection prevention

28
Q

What are major sites for HAIs

A

surgical or traumatic wounds, urinary tract, respiratory tract and the bloodstream

29
Q

What type of patients are at greater risk for HAI

A
  1. Multiple illnesses
  2. Older adults
  3. Poorly nourished
  4. Compromised immune system
30
Q

What are the 3 types of HAIs

A
  1. Iatrogenic infection - from a procedure
  2. Endogenous - when the patient’s flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results (example Streptococci)
  3. Exogenous - from microorganisms outside the individual (example: Salmonella)
31
Q

During a endogenous HAI what is often the reason this occurs

A

This often happens when a patient receives broad spectrum antibiotics that alter the normal floras

32
Q

What are the factors that influence a patient’s susceptibility to infection

A
  1. Age
  2. Nutritional status
  3. Stress - elevated cortisone levels result in decreased resistance to infection
  4. Disease process - Example: leukemia, AIDS, lymphoma, and aplastic anemia
  5. Treatments or conditions that compromise immune response (example: burns)
33
Q

What is the first step in the nursing process?

A

Assessment - Gathering objective and subjective data

34
Q

Name some ways that makes for a thorough assessment

A

Review the following:
- Medications
- Travel history
- Stressors
- Risk factors
- Defense mechanisms, susceptibility and knowledge of how infections are transmitted
- Review of systems
- Immunizations/vaccines
- possible existing infections

And analyze lab data

35
Q

What is the second step in the nursing process

A

Diagnosis - analyzing the assessment data

36
Q

What are examples of diagnoses commonly associated with infection prevention and control

A
  1. Risk for infection
  2. Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements
  3. Impaired oral mucous membrane
  4. Risk for impaired skin integrity
  5. Social isolation
  6. Impaired tissue integrity
  7. Readiness for enhanced immunization status
37
Q

What is the third and 4th step in the nursing process?

A

Third - outcome identification
Fourth - Planning

38
Q

During the planning and outcome identification stage what kind of goals and outcomes should the nurse set

A
  • Realistic outcomes so interventions are purposeful, direct and measurable
  • S.M.A.R.T Goals
    Specific (simple, sensible, significant)
    Measurable (meaningful, motivating)
    Achievable (agreed, attainable)
    Relevant (reasonable, realistic and resourced, results-based)
    Time Bound (time based, time limited, time/cost limited, timely and time sensitive)
39
Q

What are some common goals of care applicable to patients with infection

A
  1. Preventing exposure to infectious organisms
  2. Controlling or reducing the extent of infection
  3. Maintaining resistance to infection
40
Q

Describe what happens during the planning and outcome identification stage of the nursing process

A
  1. Set Goals and outcomes
  2. Set priorities - establish priorities for each dx and for related goals of care
  3. Teamwork and collaboration
41
Q

What is the Fifth step in the nursing process?

A

Implementation

42
Q

What does the nurse do during the implementation stage

A

Health promotion – > preventing an infection from developing or spreading by promoting
- Nutrition support
- Rest/exercise
- Maintenance of physiological protective mechanisms (hand hygeine)
- Immunizations

43
Q

What is Asepsis

A

This is the absence of pathogenic (disease producing) microorganisms

44
Q

What are the 2 types of aseptic techniques

A
  1. Medical - use for all patients even when no infection is diagnosed
  2. Surgical
45
Q

What are examples of medical asepsis

A

Hand hygiene, use of PPE and routine environmental cleaning
standard precautions - designed to be used for all patients
alcohol based hand rub

46
Q

What is surgical asepsis

A

Includes procedures used to eliminate all microorganisms including pathogens and spores from an object or area
- An area or object. is considered contaminated if touched by any object that is not sterile
- Demands the highest level of aseptic technique and requires that all areas be kept free of infectious microorganisms

47
Q

What is sterile field

A

An area free of microorganisms and prepared to receive sterile items
It requires a work area in which objects can be handled with minimal risk of contamination

48
Q

Can a nurse turn their back on a sterile field?

A

NO. Never leave sterile field (i.e. sterile tray) unattended. DO NOT TURN YOUR BACK. Anything out of range of vision is no longer sterile

49
Q

Is sterile field below or above your waist?

A

Above your waist to be considered sterile.

50
Q

What is anything within a 1 inch border considered? STERILE or CLEAN

A

It is considered clean. IT IS NOT STERILE. The edges of a sterile field or container are not sterile

51
Q

Can a sterile object or field become contaminated by prolonged exposure to air?

A

YES

52
Q

What happens when a sterile surface comes in contact with a wet surface?

A

Becomes contaminated by capillary action

53
Q

What is disinfection

A

a process that eliminates many or all microorganisms with the exception of bacterial spores from inanimate objects

54
Q

What are the 2 types of disinfection

A
  1. Disinfection of surfaces
  2. High level disinfection which is required for some patient care items such as endoscopes
55
Q

What is sterilization

A

the complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms including spores

56
Q

What are some sterilization methods

A

Using steam, dry heat, hydrogen peroxide plasma, or ehtylene oxide

57
Q

What order do you remove your PPE

A

Gloves, Faceshield or goggles, gown and mask

58
Q

What is isolation

A

Isolation is the separation and restriction of movement of ill persons with contagious disease

59
Q

What are the 4 types of transmission based precautions which are based on the mode of transmission

A
  1. Airborne
  2. Droplet
  3. Contact - Direct and indirect contact with patients
  4. Protective environment

These precautions are for patients with highly transmissible pathogens

60
Q

What do contact precautions require

A

Requires gown and gloves

61
Q

What are the droplet precautions

A

Requires wearing surgical mask when within 3 feet of the patient, proper hand hygiene, and some dedicated care equipment
Example: Sepsis, Pneumonia, influenza, adenovirus

62
Q

What are the airborne precautions

A

Requires a specifically equipped room with negative air flow referred to as an airborne infection isolation room. All health care personnel wear a N95 respirator every time they enter. If mask is moist, not being protected anymore. Other PPE needed is gown, N95 and gloves. No faceshield is needed
Example: TB patients

63
Q

What type of isolation precaution is appropriate for meningitis

A

Droplet precaution

Nursing Fundamentals (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions