Chapter 6 Economics Flashcards
The critical elements of any economic system are production, ____, and consumption.
Distribution
In economics, economizing behavior is ____.
Making choices in ways believed to provide the greatest benefit
Economics is the study of ____.
The ways in which the choices people make determine how their society uses resources
Capitalist cultures like those in the United States are defined by productivity for _____.
Wealth and material prosperity
As social complexity and population increases, the difference between economic system is mostly measured as a difference in ____.
Access to productive resources
Material goods, natural resources, or information used to create other goods or information are known as _____.
Productive resources.
In foraging (hunting and gathering) societies, land is ____.
Customarily used by certain groups, but others are not denied access to it.
Where resources are scarce and large area are needed to support the population, territorial boundaries are ____.
Usually not defended
Contemporary pastoralists primarily obtain access to land for grazing through ____.
Contracts with landowners as they pass through areas
In pastoral societies, ____ land is most essential factor in the functioning of the society.
Accessing
In horticultural societies, land is ____.
Communally owned by kin groups
Which statement is true regarding land among the Lacandon Maya, an extensive cultivating society?
Individuals retain right to land they have cleared even if they leave it fallow.
Which key factor determines if land is considered exclusive and consequently defended?
High population density
In capitalist societies, the principle form of resources is ____.
Capital
The idea of private ownership of land tends to develop in societies where ____.
Material and labor investment in land becomes substantial
Peasants generally ____.
Support a wealthy, landowning class
The right of an individual or family to use a piece of land and pass that land to descendants, but not sell or trade the land, is called ___.
Usufruct right
One critical economic difference between a firm and a household is ____.
Firms may grow with relative ease, but the structure of households limits their growth
A high degree of specialization of labor ____.
Tends to correlate with high population and agriculture intensification
Marcel Mauss, and many other anthropologist, theorized that an important function of gifting is to ___.
Hold a societies together
The dominant form of exchange in ____ is generalized reciprocity
Foraging societies
In a system of balanced reciprocity, giving a gift to someone ____.
Requires that the recipient returns a more or less equivalent gift at a later date
For the Trobriand Islanders, the central part of the Kula trade is ____.
Trading for bracelets and armbands
Balanced reciprocity is most typical among ____.
Non-industrialized people without economies
Kluckhohn showed that when the Navajo traded with outsiders, ____.
It was considered morally acceptable to deceive
How does the market exchange differ from reciprocity and redistribution?
Market exchange is an impersonal process
Because formal government is not present in the kula trading groups, ___.
It is important that relations between partners remain friendly to reinforce the close ties of the participants
A chief at a potlatch would typically _____.
Brag about his wealth and power
When a group collects goods and then gives them out to their owns members or members of their groups, they are participating in ___.
Redistribution
Which of the following best describes the economics of potlatch of the tribes of the Pacific Northwest Coast?
A method increasing productivity and distributing food and goods to a large dispersed population
Leveling mechanisms are ways of evening out the distribution of wealth in society. Which of the following is the best example of a leveling mechanism?
The welfare and social security systems of modern industrialized nations.
In Mexico, a cargo is ____.
A religious office held for a year and requiring substantial financial outlay
Today’s market exchange system can be characterized by the phrase, caveat emptor, which means ____.
“Let the buyer beware”
Which type of resource is primarily used to generate profit for their owners?
Capital
Which statements best describes capitalism?
An economic system that has become predominant in the last 300 years
Which of the following is one of the fundamental attributes of capitalism?
People in capital societies sell their labor for wages in order to survive
Which of the following best reflects the mission of UX (User Experience) research?
It seeks to understand the ways in which people interact with products, services, and companies
A key attribute about worker’s wages in capitalist system is that ____.
The value of what they produce is always intended to be worth more than what they are paid to produce it
Family members providing resources and services to each other without expecting anything in return is a form of ____.
Generalized reciprocity
There are many people in the United States who resists capitalism. Some common ways they do so are ____.
Garage sales, hunting, and gathering
True/False
It is not necessary for every society to have an economic system
False
True/False
All economic behavior can be explained by financial profit and gain
False
True/False
Capital is the productive resources that can be used to increase financial wealth
True
True/False
A household is similar to a firm because both are defined as groups that are united by kinship and have goals to increase their size indefinitely
False
True/False
One universal aspect to the division of labor is that women have the major responsibility for child care.
True
True/False
Industrialization and specialization have limited the access people have to goods and services
False
True/False
Since they can be used in gardening, the key items exchanged in Kula trade have great economic value.
False
True/False
The objective of negative reciprocity is to gain material advantage without having to give anything in return
True
True/False
A leveling mechanism is a practice or form of social organization that evens out wealth in a society
True
True/False
Research in Zinacantan shows that the obligations to take on cargoes (or religious offices) generally prevents from becoming wealthy
False
