Chapter 5 Making a Living Flashcards
When studying how humans made a living, anthropologists are most interested in ____
Interactions between humans and their environments
The earliest human food-getting strategy was _____
Foraging
Which of the following terms refers to the period when humans first domesticated plants and began setting in permanent locations?
Agriculture revolution
Most humans were engaged in foraging up until about _____ years ago
11,000
According to the text, the greatest source of pollution comes from ____
Consumer desires and energy needs in wealthy nations
Which of the following terms indicates the yield per person per hour of labor invested?
Efficiency
The transition from _____ to _____ is known as the agricultural revolution
Foraging; food production
Which statement is true about foraging in human history?
Foraging is characterized by hunting and gathering
Which type of subsistence strategy sets restrictive limits on population growth and density?
Foraging
Under most conditions, foraging requires ____
Knowledge of the local environment
Foraging societies in extreme environments such as the arctic or the desert rely primarily on _____ to sustain their population.
Hunting
A major characteristic of the environment which shapes aboriginal Australian survival is the ____
Shortage of water
In their adaptation to their harsh environment, the foraging society of Australian aboriginal survived by _____
using a wide variety of foods sources
The major areas of pastoralism are found in _____
East Africa, Southwest Asia, and the Subarctic
Pastoralists in East Africa primarily raise ____
Cattle
Pastoralists in the central Asia primarily raise ______
Yak
Pastoral societies rely on _____ to survive and thrive.
Herd growth
Which of the following best illustrates transhumant pastoralism?
The male cattle pastoralists of East Africa have two settlements and move their herds between these, while the women stay in the permanent dwelling year-around
Horticulture is defined as _____
the use of simple tools in the production of plants for food
Like most horticulturalist, the Lua’ traditionally plant _____.
A variety of crops with rotating harvesting seasons
The Lua’ practice Swidden horticulture by allowing their field to lay fallow for ____ years for every year they are planted
9
In Lua’ horticulture, women _____
Harvest rice along with men
The horticultural cycle of the Lua’ indicates that they ___.
Use their highly effective knowledge of their environment for subsistence and cash crops
A major change in Lua’ subsistence patterns in the last several decades is _____
A growing dependence on a few main crops which they sell to the market
The defining characteristic of horticulture is that _____
Fields are not used permanently but remain fallow for some time after being cultivated
Agriculture is marked by the use of which of the following?
Plows, draft animals, and irrigation
Peasants are most associated with what form of making a living?
Agriculture
Which of the following is a culture change that has occurred recently in Musha, Egypt?
Tractors are now used for many purposes
Musha, in upper Egypt, is a typical contemporary peasant village in that the peasants _____
Are highly constrained by government intervention
Rural cultivators who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger, more complex state societies are called ______
Peasants
Agriculture is characterized by a ____.
Complex techniques of water and soil control
Preindustrial agriculture uses which of the following techniques?
Crop rotation
Which of the following was a critical change in rural America related to the increase in beef consumption in the late 20th century?
Increasing domination by large corporate farming operations and decline of family farm
Increasing beef consumption led to changes in the meat packing industry. These included _____.
Increasing use of unskilled immigrant labor
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) are associated with which shift in American agricultural practice?
Raising wages for agricultural workers
A major characteristic of industrialism is that it ____.
Invariably expands beyond its own boundaries
A critical way in which industrial production differs from other productive systems is _____.
The focus of production moves from food to other goods
One result of the increased globalization of food is _____.
Greater movement of resources, capital, and population
Why do anthropologist consider climate change to be such a profound for making a living?
It has a multiplier effect on existing problems in making a living
Which groups are expected to feel the impact of climate change?
All groups, entities, and organizations
True/False
The physical environment affects culture, but culture does not affect the physical environment.
False
True/False
The change from foraging to food production was revolutionary in that it happened within a very short period of time.
False
True/False
Today, only a very small percentage of the world’s people live by foraging.
True
True/False
Global warming has made it easier for the Inuit to hunt year-round and has therefore increased the number of Inuit living traditional lifestyles.
False
True/False
The yield per person per unit of land is known as the population density.
False
True/False
The historic Pintupi subsistence strategy takes account the extreme heat of the Australian desert but would not suffice in extreme cold conditions.
False
True/False
Horticulture is more expensive than agriculture.
False
True/False
The demand for beef in America rose dramatically in the stock boom of the 1920s.
False
True/False
The global food industry has led to increased poverty in rural America.
True
True/False
Agriculture requires more capital investment than horticulture.
True
