Chapter 5 Making a Living

Question 1

When studying how humans made a living, anthropologists are most interested in ____

Answer 1

Interactions between humans and their environments

Question 2

The earliest human food-getting strategy was _____

Answer 2

Foraging

Question 3

Which of the following terms refers to the period when humans first domesticated plants and began setting in permanent locations?

Answer 3

Agriculture revolution

Question 4

Most humans were engaged in foraging up until about _____ years ago

Answer 4

11,000

Question 5

According to the text, the greatest source of pollution comes from ____

Answer 5

Consumer desires and energy needs in wealthy nations

Question 6

Which of the following terms indicates the yield per person per hour of labor invested?

Answer 6

Efficiency

Question 7

The transition from _____ to _____ is known as the agricultural revolution

Answer 7

Foraging; food production

Question 8

Which statement is true about foraging in human history?

Answer 8

Foraging is characterized by hunting and gathering

Question 9

Which type of subsistence strategy sets restrictive limits on population growth and density?

Answer 9

Foraging

Question 10

Under most conditions, foraging requires ____

Answer 10

Knowledge of the local environment

Question 11

Foraging societies in extreme environments such as the arctic or the desert rely primarily on _____ to sustain their population.

Answer 11

Hunting

Question 12

A major characteristic of the environment which shapes aboriginal Australian survival is the ____

Answer 12

Shortage of water

Question 13

In their adaptation to their harsh environment, the foraging society of Australian aboriginal survived by _____

Answer 13

using a wide variety of foods sources

Question 14

The major areas of pastoralism are found in _____

Answer 14

East Africa, Southwest Asia, and the Subarctic

Question 15

Pastoralists in East Africa primarily raise ____

Answer 15

Cattle

Question 16

Pastoralists in the central Asia primarily raise ______

Answer 16

Yak

Question 17

Pastoral societies rely on _____ to survive and thrive.

Answer 17

Herd growth

Question 18

Which of the following best illustrates transhumant pastoralism?

Answer 18

The male cattle pastoralists of East Africa have two settlements and move their herds between these, while the women stay in the permanent dwelling year-around

Question 19

Horticulture is defined as _____

Answer 19

the use of simple tools in the production of plants for food

Question 20

Like most horticulturalist, the Lua’ traditionally plant _____.

Answer 20

A variety of crops with rotating harvesting seasons

Question 21

The Lua’ practice Swidden horticulture by allowing their field to lay fallow for ____ years for every year they are planted

Answer 21

9

Question 22

In Lua’ horticulture, women _____

Answer 22

Harvest rice along with men

Question 23

The horticultural cycle of the Lua’ indicates that they ___.

Answer 23

Use their highly effective knowledge of their environment for subsistence and cash crops

Question 24

A major change in Lua’ subsistence patterns in the last several decades is _____

Answer 24

A growing dependence on a few main crops which they sell to the market

Question 25

The defining characteristic of horticulture is that _____

Answer 25

Fields are not used permanently but remain fallow for some time after being cultivated

Question 26

Agriculture is marked by the use of which of the following?

Answer 26

Plows, draft animals, and irrigation

Question 27

Peasants are most associated with what form of making a living?

Answer 27

Agriculture

Question 28

Which of the following is a culture change that has occurred recently in Musha, Egypt?

Answer 28

Tractors are now used for many purposes

Question 29

Musha, in upper Egypt, is a typical contemporary peasant village in that the peasants _____

Answer 29

Are highly constrained by government intervention

Question 30

Rural cultivators who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger, more complex state societies are called ______

Answer 30

Peasants

Question 31

Agriculture is characterized by a ____.

Answer 31

Complex techniques of water and soil control

Question 32

Preindustrial agriculture uses which of the following techniques?

Answer 32

Crop rotation

Question 33

Which of the following was a critical change in rural America related to the increase in beef consumption in the late 20th century?

Answer 33

Increasing domination by large corporate farming operations and decline of family farm

Question 34

Increasing beef consumption led to changes in the meat packing industry. These included _____.

Answer 34

Increasing use of unskilled immigrant labor

Question 35

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) are associated with which shift in American agricultural practice?

Answer 35

Raising wages for agricultural workers

Question 36

A major characteristic of industrialism is that it ____.

Answer 36

Invariably expands beyond its own boundaries

Question 37

A critical way in which industrial production differs from other productive systems is _____.

Answer 37

The focus of production moves from food to other goods

Question 38

One result of the increased globalization of food is _____.

Answer 38

Greater movement of resources, capital, and population

Question 39

Why do anthropologist consider climate change to be such a profound for making a living?

Answer 39

It has a multiplier effect on existing problems in making a living

Question 40

Which groups are expected to feel the impact of climate change?

Answer 40

All groups, entities, and organizations

Question 41

True/False The physical environment affects culture, but culture does not affect the physical environment.

Answer 41

False

Question 42

True/False The change from foraging to food production was revolutionary in that it happened within a very short period of time.

Answer 42

False

Question 43

True/False Today, only a very small percentage of the world’s people live by foraging.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

True/False Global warming has made it easier for the Inuit to hunt year-round and has therefore increased the number of Inuit living traditional lifestyles.

Answer 44

False

Question 45

True/False The yield per person per unit of land is known as the population density.

Answer 45

False

Question 46

True/False The historic Pintupi subsistence strategy takes account the extreme heat of the Australian desert but would not suffice in extreme cold conditions.

Answer 46

False

Question 47

True/False Horticulture is more expensive than agriculture.

Answer 47

False

Question 48

True/False The demand for beef in America rose dramatically in the stock boom of the 1920s.

Answer 48

False

Question 49

True/False The global food industry has led to increased poverty in rural America.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

True/False Agriculture requires more capital investment than horticulture.

Answer 50

True