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Cell Biology > Chapter 6 - DNA Replication, Repair And Recombinaton > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - DNA Replication, Repair And Recombinaton Flashcards

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1
Q

Parent DNA turns into

A

2 daughter 6

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2
Q

DNA replication occurs

A

Before cell division

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3
Q

S phase

A

Synthesis phase

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4
Q

Hereditary

A

Passed faithfully from one generation to the next

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5
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in DNA

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6
Q

Mutation produce

A

Variations that underlie the difference between individuals of the same species or overtime they difference between one species and another

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7
Q

Crossing over aka

A

Homologous recombination

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8
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchange of genetic material (DNA) between homologous chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1

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9
Q

Crossing over occurs when

A

During prophase 1

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10
Q

Independent assortment of chromosomes

A

Random alignment of homologous chromosomes pairs tetrads on the metaphase plate during metaphase 1

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11
Q

Independent assortment happens when

A

Metaphase 1

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12
Q

What are three ways that makes humans different and diverse and not the same

A

Crossing over
Independent assortment
Random fertilization of gametes

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13
Q

What acts as a template for its own replication

A

DNA

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14
Q

A new strand is aka

A

Daughter strand

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15
Q

What are the three models for DNA replication

A

Semiconservative
Dispersive
Conservative

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16
Q

DNA replication is what kind of model

A

Semiconservative

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17
Q

Semiconservative model

A

Consist of 1 old and 1 new strand

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18
Q

Dispersive model

A

Each strand is a mixture of old and new DNA

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19
Q

Conservative model

A

2 old DNA strands together and 2 new DNA strands

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20
Q

Who confirmed that DNA is semiconservative

A

Confirmed by meselson and stahl

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21
Q

Replication origins are recognized by

A

Initiator proteins

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22
Q

What is true about eukaryotes and bacteria when it comes to replication forks

A

Eukaryotes have many replication origins, while bacteria have only 1 replication origin`

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23
Q

Replication forks

A

Y shaped junctions at which DNA synthesis occurs

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24
Q

Replication forks are unidirectional or bidirectional.

A

Bidirectional

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25
Q

Replication forks move in what ways

A

Opposite direction

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26
Q

What synthesizes new DNA

A

DNA polymerase

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27
Q

DNA synthesis happens in what direction

A

5’ to 3’

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28
Q

DNA polymerase moves along what strand

A

Parent strand

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29
Q

DNA polymerase moves in which direction

A

3’ to 5’

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30
Q

DNA polymerase adds what? To where?

A

Deoxyribonucleotide to 3’ end of dna strand

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31
Q

Phosphodiester bonds from between what

A

Free 3’ OH of last nucleotide and free Phosphate of incoming nucleotide

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32
Q

What way is the daughter strand made in

A

In 5’ to 3’ direction

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33
Q

DNA replication fork is asymmetrical or symmetrical

A

Asymmetrical

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34
Q

How many DNA polymerase in replication

A

2

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35
Q

DNA polymerase moves continuously, without stopping along what strand

Since this happens what is made continuously

A

Leading strand

Leading daughter strand

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36
Q

DNA polymerase move discontinously along what strand?

What is made? What are the fragments called

A

Lagging strand

Lagging daughter and Okazaki fragments

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37
Q

What proofreads its own work

A

DNA polymerase

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38
Q

In which way does DNA polymerase proofreads

A

In 3’ to 5’ direction

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39
Q

Primase

A

RNA polymerase that makes RNA primer using DNA as template

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40
Q

DNA polymerase can’t work without this first…

A

Primase, it needs a primer

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41
Q

RNA primer

A

Single stranded sequence of 6-15 ribonucleotides long

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42
Q

RNA primer and DNA template are _________ to each other

A

Antiparallel

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43
Q

What is true about RNA primers when it comes to leading daughter strand

A

Only ONE primer is needed to make leading daughter strand

44
Q

What is true about RNA primers when it comes to lagging daughter strand

A

Many rna primers are needed

45
Q

RNA Primers are replaced with

A

Deoxynucleotides

46
Q

Nucleases

A

Enzymes that removes RNA primers

47
Q

Repair polymerase

A

DNA polymerase that fills gaps with deoxynucleotides using parent DNA as a template

48
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins Okazaki fragments together by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds

49
Q

How is the DNA polymerase allowed to slide

A

Protein clamps that are held by leading and lagging strands

50
Q

DNA helicase

A

Breaks hydrogen bond allow to parent strands to come apart

51
Q

Single strand DNA binding proteins

A

Bind to each parent strand reforming double helix

52
Q

DNA topoisomerases

A

Relieve the tension that build up in front of replication fork by producing temporary nicks in the dna

53
Q

Example of dna topoisomerase

A

DNA gyrase

54
Q

Why do chromosome become shorter?

A

Repair polymerase is not able to replicate that last section of the lagging strand template due to lack of nucleotide with a free 3’ OH

55
Q

What keeps telomeres long enough

A

Telomerase

56
Q

Telomerase are found

A

In tumor, cancer cells, germ line cells, and embryonic and adult stem cells

57
Q

Telomerase adds DNA repeats to what end of the template strand

Why is this important

A

3’ end

Allows the lagging strand to be completed by DNA polymerase

58
Q

How do we make DNA from RNA

A

Reverse transcriptase

59
Q

Telomerases carries what

A

A short piece of RNA whose sequence is complementary to the DNA repeat sequence

60
Q

Why does telomerases uses RNA as a template

A

To rebuild the telomere by attaching deoxynucleotides to 3’ end of telomere

61
Q

Depurination and deamination are examples of what

A

Chemical modifications

62
Q

Depurination and deamination only affects what

A

Nitrogenous bases

63
Q

Depurination

A

Involves the spontaneous loss of purine base A or G from DNA

64
Q

Deamination

A

Involves spontaneous loss of amino groups from C in DNA to produce U.

65
Q

What happens when UV radiation damage DNA?

A

Thymine dimer is formed

66
Q

Thymine dimer

A

Two adjacent thymine bases become covalently attached to one another

67
Q

What cells are likely to be damaged by UV radiation

A

Skin cells that are exposed to sunglight

68
Q

Unrepaired thymine dimers leads to

A

Melanoma

69
Q

Melanoma

A

Skin cancer that originates in melanocytes and skin cells to produce melanin.

70
Q

Photo reactivating repair mechanism is used by

A

Plants and bacteria, but not humans

71
Q

Photoreactivation repair mechanism

A

Repair mech to cleave thymine dimers by plants and bacteria

72
Q

Photoreactivation repair mechanism is catalyzes by

A

Photolyase

73
Q

Photolyase is activated

A

Blue light

74
Q

If depurination or deamination is left unrepaired

A

This results in shorter DNA or an incorrect nucleotide. Will be placed across from the missing base leading to the mutation.

75
Q

What is the basic mechanism of DNA repair

A

Excision, resynthesis and ligation

76
Q

What repairs deamination, depurination, and thymine dimers in humans

A

Excision, resynthesis, and ligation

77
Q

Excision

A

Damage is cut out by the one of series of nucleases, each specialized for type of DNA damage

78
Q

Resynthesis

A

The original DNA sequences is restored by repair DNA polymerase, which fills in the gap created by the excision event

79
Q

Ligation

A

DNA ligase seals the nick left in the sugar phosphate backbone of the repaired strand

80
Q

Which way does repair DNA polymerase moves

A

5’ to 3’

And proofreads in the 3’ to 5t’

81
Q

What are the two types of nucleases

A

Exonucleases and endonucleases

82
Q

Exonucleases

A

Cleave nucleotides from 3’ or 5’ ends of DNA/RNA

83
Q

Endonucleases

A

Cleave nucleotides in the middle of DNA/RNA

84
Q

Mismatch

A

Mix paired nucleotide

85
Q

What eliminates replication errors

A

Mismatch repairs

86
Q

Nonhomologous end joining can be caused by

A

Ionization radiation such as X ray and gamma rays and even products of cell own metabolism

87
Q

Non homologous end joining is a mechanisms that

A

Repairs double strand breaks in DNA

88
Q

Where can you find nonhomologous end joining

A

Found in human somatic cels

89
Q

Nonhomologous end joining results in

A

Short deletions

90
Q

Homologous recombination

A

Mechanism that repairs double strand breaks with no loss of genetic information

91
Q

Homologous recombination uses

A

Undamaged DNA as template

92
Q

Branch point

A

Place where two dna strands, damaged and undamaged, cross.

93
Q

Homologous recombination two main function

A

Repair breaks in DNA

Creates new combination of DNA sequences

94
Q

During what can homologous recombination allow homologous chromatids of homologous chromosomes to exchange pieces of DNA with each other

A

Meiosis

95
Q

Sickle cell anemia is caused by

A

By a single nucleotide change in the b globin gene

96
Q

When there is a single nucleotide change in he b globin gene in sickle cell anemia, what does this create

A

Abnormal hemoglobin with incorrect sequence of amino acids

97
Q

To develope sickle cell anemia, a person must what

A

Inherit two copies of the mutant b globin gene

98
Q

What are the three point mutations

A

Missense
Nonsense
Silent

99
Q

Missense mutations

A

A new mRNA codon encodes a different amino acid than before

100
Q

Nonsense mutations

A

Stop codon is generated that doesn’t encode any amino acid

101
Q

Nonsense ultimately does what to proteins

A

Make it shorter

102
Q

Silent mutation

A

A new mRNA codon encodes the same amino acid as before

103
Q

Cancer incidence increases dramatically as

A

Age increases

104
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrolled cell proliferation and cell growth

105
Q

What usually happens for cancer to develop

A

2 or 3 mutations for cancer to develop

Cell Biology (9 decks)

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