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Cell Biology > Chapter 5 - DNA And Chromosomes > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - DNA And Chromosomes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where can DNA be found in eukaryotes

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast

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2
Q

What is the building blocks of DNA

A

4 Deoxyribosenucleotide

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3
Q

What makes up the DNA strand

A

Sugar phosphate, base and nucleotide

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4
Q

What is the difference between the 4 deoxyribosenucleotide

A

The hydroxyl group

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5
Q

What does deoxynucleotides include

A

Phosphate group, 5c sugar deoxyribose and nitrogenous bases

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6
Q

How does DNA strands run

A

Antiparallel

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7
Q

Deoxynucleotides are held by

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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8
Q

Frederick Griffith’s transformation experiment, studied what

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae which is a pathogenic bacterium causing pneumonia

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9
Q

Frederick Griffith’s transformation contains how many and what strains

And what are the 2 strains

A

2 stains of streptococcus

S strain:
R strain:

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10
Q

What strain of streptococcus is virulent

A

S strain

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11
Q

What strain of streptococcus is nonvirulent

A

R stain

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12
Q

Which strain of Frederick Griffith’s transformation experiment is virulent? And why?

A

S strain, Has protective polysaccharide capsule that protects bacterium from host immune system resulting in death of host

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13
Q

S strain

A

Smooth colonies

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14
Q

R strains

A

Rough colonies

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15
Q

Which strain in F. Griffith’s transformation is nonvirulent and why

A

R strain, lacks polsaccharide capsule that protects it and immune system attacks the strain

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16
Q

What did we learn from F. Griffith’s experiment

A

Our modern interpretation is that genetic material was actually transferred between the cells.

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17
Q

What happens when you inject a live s strain into healthy mouse

A

The mouse dies

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18
Q

What happens when you inject a live r strain into healthy mouse

A

The mouse lives

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19
Q

What happens when you inject a s strain that is heated into healthy mouse

A

The muse lives

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20
Q

What happens when you inject a live r strain and s strain that is heated, into healthy mouse

A

The mouse dies because the living pathogenic s strain recovers

The strains initially is killed by the heat and its DNA survived the heating and its DNA was taking in by R strain.

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21
Q

The Avery Macleod Mcarty experiment demonstrated

A

That DNA was responsive for transformation

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22
Q

The Hersey chase experiment purpose

A

Wanted to determine which of these molecules is the genetic material that is injected into the bacteria

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23
Q

Hersey chase experiment used what

A

T2 bacteriophages

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24
Q

What are bacteriophages

A

Viruses which infects bacteria

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25
Q

Bacteriophages are made up of what

A

Protein and DNA

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26
Q

Why is DNA labeled with 32P

A

DNA has a phosphate group

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27
Q

Why is protein labeled with 35S

A

Sulfur is found in the proteins methionine and cysteine

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28
Q

What did they conclude for the Hershey chase experiment

A

Infected bacteria contain 32P but not 35S

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29
Q

What are the two types of groups for nitrogenous bases

A

Purines and pyrimidines

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30
Q

Purines

A

Adenosine and guanine

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31
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

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32
Q

What is the pneumonic for purines

A

Pure As Gold

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33
Q

What is the pneumonic for pyrimidines

A

CUT the Pie

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34
Q

Purines pairs with what

A

Pyrimidines

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35
Q

What is pyrimidines paired with

A

Purines

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36
Q

Cytosine is paired with

A

Guanine

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37
Q

How many bonds does C and G have between them

A

3 bonds

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38
Q

Thymine is paired with

A

Adenine

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39
Q

Thymine and adenine has how many bonds

A

2 bonds

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40
Q

Phosphodiester bonds forms between

A

Forms between 3’ hydroxyl group of one sugar and the 5’ phosphate group of the next

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41
Q

What type of bond is phosphodiester bond

A

Polar covalent

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42
Q

Phosphodiester bond is unique to what

A

Nucleic acids

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43
Q

Who suggested that DNA has a helical shape

A

Rosalind franklin and Maurice Wilkins

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44
Q

How did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins suggest that DNA has a helical shape

A

X-Ray diffraction studies

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45
Q

In 1962, who won the Nobel prize for DNA structure

A

Watson and crick

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46
Q

What did Watson and crick figure out

A

DNA is right handed double helix with sugar phosphate backbones on the outside and nitrogenous bases on the inside

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47
Q

DNA contains what grooves

A

Major and minor grooves

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48
Q

Human karyotype

A

Picture of all chromosomes in a single cell

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49
Q

Human karyotype is important because

A

You can know the size of chromosomes, how many chromosomes, and the sex of human

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50
Q

Each human somatic cell has how many chromosomes/pairs

A

46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

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51
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes 1-44, pairs 1-22

Non sex chromosomes

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52
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes 45 and 46 or 23rd pair of chromosomes

Sex chromosomes

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53
Q

Human female has what vs male

A

XX female, XY for male

54
Q

XX are homologous or heterozygous

A

Homologous

55
Q

XY are homologous or heterozygous

A

Heterozygous

56
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Have the same length, genes, and loci but not necessarily the same versions (alleles) of the genes

57
Q

Loci

A

Positions of genes on the chromosome

58
Q

Gametes are what

A

Haploid , n=23

59
Q

Another name for gametes

A

Germ cell

60
Q

Diploid cells

A

2n=23

61
Q

Example of gametes

A

Sperm and egg

62
Q

Offspring are diploid and haploid

A

Diploid

63
Q

What determines the sex

A

Y chromosome determines

64
Q

If a pregnant woman wanted to get a genetic test what type of testing would you get

A

Karyotype analysis

65
Q

What information can you find out with karyotyping analysis

A

Gender of organism

Number of chromosomes (normal vs abnormal)

Length/size of chromosomes

66
Q

How can you identify with a person with down syndrome

A

Karyotyping analysis

67
Q

Down syndrome

A

Individuals with this syndrome have 47 chromosomes in each of their somatic cells due to an extra copy of chromosome 21

68
Q

Ataxia

A

Disease characterized by deterioration of motor skills like walking

69
Q

What can you characterize about a person with ataxia

A

Abnormal chromosome 12 has part of chromosome 4 attached to it

70
Q

What are 4 chromosomal abnormalities

A

Reciprocal translocation
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion

71
Q

Reciprocal translocation

A

Nonhomologous chromosomes exchange regions with each other creating two new chromosomes

72
Q

Deletion (chromosomal abnormality)

A

Part of the chromosome is deleted making it shorter

73
Q

Duplication (chromosomal abnormality)

A

Part of the chromosome is duplicated making it longer

74
Q

Inversion

A

Segment of chromosome is broken in two places reversed and put back together

75
Q

Genome

A

Non coding and coding DNA

76
Q

Most of the genome is what type of DNA

A

Non coding

77
Q

Non coding DNA is also known as

A

Junk DNA

78
Q

1% of the genome is what

A

Coding DNA

79
Q

Coding DNA makes what

A

Used to make proteins

80
Q

Non coding DNA is important why

A

Important for gene expression

81
Q

When does chromosomes become condensed

A

Interphase

82
Q

What is interphase

A

Preparation of cell division

83
Q

What does interphase consist of

A

G1, S, G2 phases

84
Q

What does the m phase consist of

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

85
Q

What is the origin of replication

A

Replication origin

86
Q

Centromere

A

Non coding DNA sequence that links sister chromatids together before they separate

87
Q

Telomere are found where

A

One at each end

88
Q

Telomere

A

Repetitive non coding DNA sequences that protects the end of chromosome from degradation and from fusion with other chromosomes

89
Q

How many telomeres are present

A

2

90
Q

Amount of DNA doubles where

A

In S phase

91
Q

DNA replication begins in what phase

A

S phase

92
Q

Where does # of chromosomes don’t change but only the appearance does

A

In s phase

93
Q

How many origins of replication does eukaryotes chromosomes has

A

2; centromere and telomere

94
Q

How many origins of replication does bacterial cells

A

1; telomeres

It lacks centromere

95
Q

Chromatin

A

Protein and DNA

96
Q

Heterochromatin usually localized in where

A

In the periphery

97
Q

Euchromatin is loosely packed what

A

Chromatin

98
Q

What kind of DNA is expressed to make proteins

A

Loosely packed

99
Q

Heterochromatin has what

A

Tightly packed chromatin

100
Q

DNA is not expressed when what

A

DNA is tightly packed

101
Q

When DNA is tightly packed what happens

A

DNA is not expressed and not used to make proteins

102
Q

Nucleosome contains what two parts

A

Nucleosome core particles (Consist of 8 core histones) and linker DNA

103
Q

Nucleosome core particle consist of

A

8 core histones

104
Q

What are the 8 core histones

A

2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, AND 2H4

105
Q

What wraps around the core histones

A

DNA

106
Q

Linker DNA

A

What links 2 nucleosomes and is found between them

107
Q

The nuclease doesn’t affect what

A

DNA wrapped tightly around the nucleosome core, only affects the exposed DNA

108
Q

What is the importance of linker histones H1

A

Associated with the linker DNA and it pulls nucleosome together into the 30nm fiber

109
Q

Chromatin remodeling complexes

A

Protein machines that uses energy of ATP hydrolysis to change the positions of the DNA wrapped around nucleosomes

110
Q

What happens when the chromatin remodeling complexes moves along

A

Loosens the nucleosomal DNA by pushing it along the histone

111
Q

Repeated rounds of nucleosome sliding does what to the DNA?

What does this allow?

A

Decondense chromatin

Allowing DNA to be transcribed

112
Q

Most modification are where on the histones

A

N Terminial tails of histones

113
Q

Histone acetylation (CH3CO) or phosphorylation does what

A

Activate gene expression together or separately

114
Q

Histone methylation (-CH3) does what

A

Can activate or silence gene expression

115
Q

In both dividing and non dividing cells what are hetechromatic

A

Centromere and telomeres

116
Q

Hetechromatic

A

The dna is not expressed

117
Q

Epigenetic inheritance involves what

A

Chromatin structure but not in DNA sequence

118
Q

Epigenetic inheritance is an example of what

A

Histone modifications

119
Q

Barr body

A

Inactivated X chromosome

120
Q

A normal female has how many Barr bodies in her somatic cell

A

1 Barr body

121
Q

A normal male has how many Barr bodies

A

None

122
Q

Turner syndrome

A

A human femal with 45 chromosomes by no Barr bodies

X0

123
Q

Klinefelter sydrome

A

A human male with 47 chromosomes with 1 Barr body

XXY

124
Q

Calico cats are male or female

A

Female

125
Q

Calico cats are

A

Female cats with patchy distribution of orange, black and white fur

126
Q

What color is active for the calico cats

A

Black fur allele

127
Q

What is the Barr body for calico cats

A

Orange

128
Q

Calico cats are heterozygous or homozygous for fur color

A

Heterozygous

129
Q

White fur on calico cats means

A

Epistasis

130
Q

Epistasis

A

One gene controls expression of another gene mask

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