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Cell Biology > Chapter 5 - DNA And Chromosomes > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - DNA And Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

Where can DNA be found in eukaryotes

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast

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2
Q

What is the building blocks of DNA

A

4 Deoxyribosenucleotide

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3
Q

What makes up the DNA strand

A

Sugar phosphate, base and nucleotide

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4
Q

What is the difference between the 4 deoxyribosenucleotide

A

The hydroxyl group

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5
Q

What does deoxynucleotides include

A

Phosphate group, 5c sugar deoxyribose and nitrogenous bases

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6
Q

How does DNA strands run

A

Antiparallel

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7
Q

Deoxynucleotides are held by

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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8
Q

Frederick Griffith’s transformation experiment, studied what

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae which is a pathogenic bacterium causing pneumonia

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9
Q

Frederick Griffith’s transformation contains how many and what strains

And what are the 2 strains

A

2 stains of streptococcus

S strain:
R strain:

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10
Q

What strain of streptococcus is virulent

A

S strain

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11
Q

What strain of streptococcus is nonvirulent

A

R stain

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12
Q

Which strain of Frederick Griffith’s transformation experiment is virulent? And why?

A

S strain, Has protective polysaccharide capsule that protects bacterium from host immune system resulting in death of host

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13
Q

S strain

A

Smooth colonies

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14
Q

R strains

A

Rough colonies

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15
Q

Which strain in F. Griffith’s transformation is nonvirulent and why

A

R strain, lacks polsaccharide capsule that protects it and immune system attacks the strain

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16
Q

What did we learn from F. Griffith’s experiment

A

Our modern interpretation is that genetic material was actually transferred between the cells.

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17
Q

What happens when you inject a live s strain into healthy mouse

A

The mouse dies

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18
Q

What happens when you inject a live r strain into healthy mouse

A

The mouse lives

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19
Q

What happens when you inject a s strain that is heated into healthy mouse

A

The muse lives

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20
Q

What happens when you inject a live r strain and s strain that is heated, into healthy mouse

A

The mouse dies because the living pathogenic s strain recovers

The strains initially is killed by the heat and its DNA survived the heating and its DNA was taking in by R strain.

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21
Q

The Avery Macleod Mcarty experiment demonstrated

A

That DNA was responsive for transformation

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22
Q

The Hersey chase experiment purpose

A

Wanted to determine which of these molecules is the genetic material that is injected into the bacteria

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23
Q

Hersey chase experiment used what

A

T2 bacteriophages

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24
Q

What are bacteriophages

A

Viruses which infects bacteria

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25
Bacteriophages are made up of what
Protein and DNA
26
Why is DNA labeled with 32P
DNA has a phosphate group
27
Why is protein labeled with 35S
Sulfur is found in the proteins methionine and cysteine
28
What did they conclude for the Hershey chase experiment
Infected bacteria contain 32P but not 35S
29
What are the two types of groups for nitrogenous bases
Purines and pyrimidines
30
Purines
Adenosine and guanine
31
Pyrimidines
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil
32
What is the pneumonic for purines
Pure As Gold
33
What is the pneumonic for pyrimidines
CUT the Pie
34
Purines pairs with what
Pyrimidines
35
What is pyrimidines paired with
Purines
36
Cytosine is paired with
Guanine
37
How many bonds does C and G have between them
3 bonds
38
Thymine is paired with
Adenine
39
Thymine and adenine has how many bonds
2 bonds
40
Phosphodiester bonds forms between
Forms between 3’ hydroxyl group of one sugar and the 5’ phosphate group of the next
41
What type of bond is phosphodiester bond
Polar covalent
42
Phosphodiester bond is unique to what
Nucleic acids
43
Who suggested that DNA has a helical shape
Rosalind franklin and Maurice Wilkins
44
How did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins suggest that DNA has a helical shape
X-Ray diffraction studies
45
In 1962, who won the Nobel prize for DNA structure
Watson and crick
46
What did Watson and crick figure out
DNA is right handed double helix with sugar phosphate backbones on the outside and nitrogenous bases on the inside
47
DNA contains what grooves
Major and minor grooves
48
Human karyotype
Picture of all chromosomes in a single cell
49
Human karyotype is important because
You can know the size of chromosomes, how many chromosomes, and the sex of human
50
Each human somatic cell has how many chromosomes/pairs
46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
51
Autosomes
Chromosomes 1-44, pairs 1-22 Non sex chromosomes
52
Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes 45 and 46 or 23rd pair of chromosomes Sex chromosomes
53
Human female has what vs male
XX female, XY for male
54
XX are homologous or heterozygous
Homologous
55
XY are homologous or heterozygous
Heterozygous
56
Homologous chromosomes
Have the same length, genes, and loci but not necessarily the same versions (alleles) of the genes
57
Loci
Positions of genes on the chromosome
58
Gametes are what
Haploid , n=23
59
Another name for gametes
Germ cell
60
Diploid cells
2n=23
61
Example of gametes
Sperm and egg
62
Offspring are diploid and haploid
Diploid
63
What determines the sex
Y chromosome determines
64
If a pregnant woman wanted to get a genetic test what type of testing would you get
Karyotype analysis
65
What information can you find out with karyotyping analysis
Gender of organism Number of chromosomes (normal vs abnormal) Length/size of chromosomes
66
How can you identify with a person with down syndrome
Karyotyping analysis
67
Down syndrome
Individuals with this syndrome have 47 chromosomes in each of their somatic cells due to an extra copy of chromosome 21
68
Ataxia
Disease characterized by deterioration of motor skills like walking
69
What can you characterize about a person with ataxia
Abnormal chromosome 12 has part of chromosome 4 attached to it
70
What are 4 chromosomal abnormalities
Reciprocal translocation Deletion Duplication Inversion
71
Reciprocal translocation
Nonhomologous chromosomes exchange regions with each other creating two new chromosomes
72
Deletion (chromosomal abnormality)
Part of the chromosome is deleted making it shorter
73
Duplication (chromosomal abnormality)
Part of the chromosome is duplicated making it longer
74
Inversion
Segment of chromosome is broken in two places reversed and put back together
75
Genome
Non coding and coding DNA
76
Most of the genome is what type of DNA
Non coding
77
Non coding DNA is also known as
Junk DNA
78
1% of the genome is what
Coding DNA
79
Coding DNA makes what
Used to make proteins
80
Non coding DNA is important why
Important for gene expression
81
When does chromosomes become condensed
Interphase
82
What is interphase
Preparation of cell division
83
What does interphase consist of
G1, S, G2 phases
84
What does the m phase consist of
Mitosis and cytokinesis
85
What is the origin of replication
Replication origin
86
Centromere
Non coding DNA sequence that links sister chromatids together before they separate
87
Telomere are found where
One at each end
88
Telomere
Repetitive non coding DNA sequences that protects the end of chromosome from degradation and from fusion with other chromosomes
89
How many telomeres are present
2
90
Amount of DNA doubles where
In S phase
91
DNA replication begins in what phase
S phase
92
Where does # of chromosomes don’t change but only the appearance does
In s phase
93
How many origins of replication does eukaryotes chromosomes has
2; centromere and telomere
94
How many origins of replication does bacterial cells
1; telomeres It lacks centromere
95
Chromatin
Protein and DNA
96
Heterochromatin usually localized in where
In the periphery
97
Euchromatin is loosely packed what
Chromatin
98
What kind of DNA is expressed to make proteins
Loosely packed
99
Heterochromatin has what
Tightly packed chromatin
100
DNA is not expressed when what
DNA is tightly packed
101
When DNA is tightly packed what happens
DNA is not expressed and not used to make proteins
102
Nucleosome contains what two parts
Nucleosome core particles (Consist of 8 core histones) and linker DNA
103
Nucleosome core particle consist of
8 core histones
104
What are the 8 core histones
2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, AND 2H4
105
What wraps around the core histones
DNA
106
Linker DNA
What links 2 nucleosomes and is found between them
107
The nuclease doesn’t affect what
DNA wrapped tightly around the nucleosome core, only affects the exposed DNA
108
What is the importance of linker histones H1
Associated with the linker DNA and it pulls nucleosome together into the 30nm fiber
109
Chromatin remodeling complexes
Protein machines that uses energy of ATP hydrolysis to change the positions of the DNA wrapped around nucleosomes
110
What happens when the chromatin remodeling complexes moves along
Loosens the nucleosomal DNA by pushing it along the histone
111
Repeated rounds of nucleosome sliding does what to the DNA? What does this allow?
Decondense chromatin Allowing DNA to be transcribed
112
Most modification are where on the histones
N Terminial tails of histones
113
Histone acetylation (CH3CO) or phosphorylation does what
Activate gene expression together or separately
114
Histone methylation (-CH3) does what
Can activate or silence gene expression
115
In both dividing and non dividing cells what are hetechromatic
Centromere and telomeres
116
Hetechromatic
The dna is not expressed
117
Epigenetic inheritance involves what
Chromatin structure but not in DNA sequence
118
Epigenetic inheritance is an example of what
Histone modifications
119
Barr body
Inactivated X chromosome
120
A normal female has how many Barr bodies in her somatic cell
1 Barr body
121
A normal male has how many Barr bodies
None
122
Turner syndrome
A human femal with 45 chromosomes by no Barr bodies X0
123
Klinefelter sydrome
A human male with 47 chromosomes with 1 Barr body XXY
124
Calico cats are male or female
Female
125
Calico cats are
Female cats with patchy distribution of orange, black and white fur
126
What color is active for the calico cats
Black fur allele
127
What is the Barr body for calico cats
Orange
128
Calico cats are heterozygous or homozygous for fur color
Heterozygous
129
White fur on calico cats means
Epistasis
130
Epistasis
One gene controls expression of another gene mask

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