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Cell Biology > Chapter 15 - Intracellular Compartments And Transport > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Intracellular Compartments And Transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Invagination

A

Bending inward

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2
Q

What members does invagination

A

ER, golgi, endosomes, lysosomes

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3
Q

What are the two proposed mechanism of evolution of membrane enclosed organelles

A

Membrane invagination

Endosymbiosis

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4
Q

Nuclear membranes and the ER are believed to have evolved from invagination from where

A

Plasma membrane

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5
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast have through

A

Endosymbiosis

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6
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast replicate by

A

Binary fission

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7
Q

Virtually all proteins are synthesized by ________ in the _____, then transported to their final destination

A

Ribosomes, cytosol

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8
Q

Sorting signal (signal sequence)

A

Directs the protein to the organelle in which it is required

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9
Q

Proteins destined to the ER posses what

A

N terminal signal sequence that directs them to ER

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10
Q

What happens if no signal sequence what happens to proteins

A

They remain in the cytosol

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11
Q

What are three different mechanisms of protein import into the organelles

A

Transport through nuclear pores

Transport across membranes

Transport vesicles

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12
Q

How does molecules move in and out of nucleus

A

Nuclear pores

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13
Q

What moves out of the nuclear pores

A

MRNAs and ribosomal subunits move out

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14
Q

What moves in nuclear protein, and what is needed for this to happen

A

Nuclear protein

A signal sequence

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15
Q

What can you say about water and nuclear pores

A

Water moves freely

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16
Q

What is needed to transport into the nucleus

A

Nuclear localization signal

Nuclear import receptor

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17
Q

Nuclear localization signal

A

Directs proteins from the cytosol into the nucleus

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18
Q

Nuclear import receptor

A

Directs the new protein through the nuclear pore

This is recycled and used for later use

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19
Q

What drives nuclear transport

A

Energy supplied by GTP hydrolysis

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20
Q

Ran GTP

A

GTP binding protein

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21
Q

What is unique about proteins passing through nuclear pores

A

They don’t need to unfold to pass through

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22
Q

Ran GTP

A

Is active

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23
Q

Ran GDP

A

Is inactive

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24
Q

Ran GAP

A

Triggers conversion of ran GTP to Ran GDP

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25
Q

Signal sequence of proteins targeted to the mitochondria and chloroplast binds to what

A

Receptor in the outer membrane

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26
Q

Complex of the receptor, protein, and protein translocator diffuses ________ in the outmembrane until it encounters _____ _____ in the _________

A

Laterally

Second protein translocator

Inner membrane

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27
Q

What happens when’s two protein translocator transport the protein across both membranes

A

The protein unfolds in the process

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28
Q

How does chaperons help with transporting proteins into the mitochondria and chloroplast

A

They are inside the organelle help pull the protein through and then refold it

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29
Q

Once a protein is transported in the mitochondria and chloroplast, what happens to the signal sequence

A

Cleaved off by signal peptidase

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30
Q

Proteins with multiple destinations first enter where

A

The ER

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31
Q

Examples with proteins with multiple destinations

A

ER proteins, Golgi proteins, endosomes proteins, lysosome proteins, and cell surface proteins

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32
Q

Once proteins enter the ER, they are ALWAYS what

A

Contained in the membrane enclosed organelle or compartment (endomembrane system)

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33
Q

What are the two types of proteins that enter the ER

A

Water soluble proteins

Transmembrane proteins

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34
Q

Water soluble proteins pass through what? And transport to where?

A

Pass completely through the ER membrane into the lumen, then transported into lumen of specific organelle or secreted to extracellular space

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35
Q

Transmembrane proteins transported though and transported where

A

Are PARTYLY transported through ER membrane and embedded to keep from transporting into lumen

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36
Q

Another name for cytosolic ribosomes

A

Free ribosomes

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37
Q

Cytosolic ribosomes

A

Ribosomes that are fee in the cytosol

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38
Q

Free ribosomes make what type of proteins and the proteins are destined where

A

Cytosolic proteins, proteins destined to the mitochondrial, nucleus, chloroplast and peroxisomes

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39
Q

ER bound ribosomes

A

Attached to the cytosolic side of the ER

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40
Q

Polyribosome

A

Many ribosomes bind to each mRNA

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41
Q

ER Signal sequence

A

On the polypeptide directs the ribosome translating the polypeptide to bind the cytosolic side of the ER

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42
Q

Polyribosomes are beneficial because

A

Allows a large number of polypeptides to be made from a single mRNA within a short period of time

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43
Q

What components help ribosome bind to the ER membrane

A

Signal recognition particle

SRP receptor

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44
Q

SRP or signal recognition protein

A

Binds to the ER signal sequence and ribosome

Slowing down polypeptide synthesis

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45
Q

SRP receptor

A

Binds to the SRP complex

Polypeptide passes through protein translocator into the ER lumen, speeding up polypeptide synthesis

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46
Q

Protein translocator opens up upon binding to what

A

Signal sequence

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47
Q

Where are water soluble proteins found? N and C termini

A

ER Lumen, The termini is found in the lumen too

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48
Q

Single pass transmembrane protein is kept in the ER by

A

Stop transfer sequence

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49
Q

When a protein pass through the translocator, who does it know when to stop?

A

Stop transfer sequence binds to the translocator

50
Q

Where is the N and C termini during a single pass transmembrane

A

N terminus in the ER lumen and the C terminus in the cytosol

51
Q

Multi-pass transmembrane proteins are kept in the ER by what

A

Combination of start and stop transfer sequences

52
Q

What is true about multi pass transmembrane proteins stop sequence enters the translocator

A

Both the sequences are discharged and neither the start and stop sequence is cleaved off, leaving the entire polypeptide anchored in the membrane

53
Q

Multi transmembrane protein that pass membrane 3x has what

A

2 start and 1 stop transfer sequence

54
Q

Where is multi-pass transmembrane that has an even number of transfer sequences in the membrane, N and C termini found?

A

In they cytosol

55
Q

Where is multi-pass transmembrane that has an odd number of transfer sequences in the membrane, N and C termini found

A

N terminus will be found in cytosol and C terminus in the ER lumen

56
Q

Another name for exocytosis

A

Secretion

57
Q

In exocytosis, the cell does what in size

A

Increase

58
Q

With endocytosis, the cell does what in size

A

Decrease

59
Q

When transport vesicles bud off from one location, what is distinct depending on their direction of transport

A

Protein coat

60
Q

Why is the protein coat important

A

Helps shape the membrane into budding vesicles and to capture molecules for transport

61
Q

Protein coat is released when

A

Budding is complete

62
Q

Why is clathrin coated vesicles needed

A

Formation of vesicles

63
Q

Clathrin coated vesicles: what is needed to form this vesicles

A

Cargo molecules binds to cargo receptors ( in the membrane)

Adaptin proteins bind to cargo receptors to clathrins

Dynamin is needed to pinch off from membrane

64
Q

What causes dynamin protein to pinch off from membrane

A

Hydrolyzing GTP

65
Q

Dynamin is an example of what type of protein

A

GTP Binding

66
Q

When the clathrin coated vesicles are formed, what is released

A

Clathrins and adaptins

67
Q

Clathrin coated vesicles bud off from what locations

A

Plasma membrane and Golgi apparatus

68
Q

COP-coated protein (coat protein) transport molecules from what locations

A

From the ER to the golgi

Through the golgi

From the golgi to the ER

69
Q

What is needed to dock the transport vesicle

A

Receptor proteins:

v-SNAREs
t-SNAREs

70
Q

V-SNAREs

A

Receptor proteins on the vesicle

71
Q

T-SNAREs

A

Receptor protein on the target membrane

72
Q

What provides the initial recognition between vesicles and its target membrane

A

Rab and tethering proteins

73
Q

For membrane fusion, what is needed

A

V-snares and T-snares to wrap around each other

74
Q

Secretory proteins follow the pathway to be released from cell

A

Exocytic

75
Q

What is the secretory pathway

A

ER —-> Golgi ——> plasma membrane

76
Q

Where are proteins folded and modified

A

Rough ER

77
Q

What bonds are form between cysteines

A

Disulfide bonds

78
Q

What are attached to proteins that coverts them to glycoproteins

A

Short oligosaccharides

79
Q

Glycosylation

A

Proteins beginning converted then to glycoproteins

80
Q

Why are short oligosaccharides important for proteins

A

Protect protein from degradation, keep protein in ER for further folding, and guide protein into appropriate transport vesicle

81
Q

Dolichol

A

Large oligosaccharides is linked to lipid and is transferred over to the amino group (NH2) on asaragine in the polypeptide

82
Q

Only ________ folded proteins will be released from the ER transport

A

Correctly

83
Q

What happens if misfolded proteins fail to refolded in their ER, what happens?

A

Transported back to the cytosol, where they are degraded

84
Q

UPR (unfolded proteins response)

A

Triggered by accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER

85
Q

How do transport vesicles move from the ER to the golgi

A

Cis to trans face

86
Q

Oligosaccharides that are added to proteins in the ER undergo further modification where

A

In the golgi

87
Q

Constitutive secretion

A

Many soluble proteins continually secreted from all the cells by constitutive secretion which operates in all cells regardless of external signals

88
Q

Regulated secretion

A

Operates only in cells that are specialized for secretion

89
Q

What is different about regulated secretion vs constitutive secretion

A

Specialized secretory cells produce large quantity of products which are stored in secretory vesicles where proteins are concentrated and stored until extracellular signal stimulates their secretion

One needs a signal, one doesn’t

90
Q

What are three types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Receptor mediated endocytosis

91
Q

Does exocytosis requires energy

A

Yes

92
Q

Does endocytosis require energy

A

Yes

93
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cellular eating

Ingestion of large particles; such as microorganisms and cell debris

94
Q

Phagocytosis has large vesicles such as

A

Phagosomes

95
Q

Phagocytosis is used by

A

Protist and our immune cells

96
Q

Which cells in our bodies uses phagocytosis

A

Immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils

97
Q

How does phagocytosis gets rid of cell debris and microorgansims

A

They fuse with lysosomes

98
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cellular drinking and bend inward or invagination

Uptake fluids containing small molecules

99
Q

Cells us what to “sample” their extracellular environment

A

Pinocytosis

100
Q

How does pinocytosis gets rid of their waste

A

Form endocytic vesicles that fuses with endosomes, which fuse with lysosomes

101
Q

All cells carry out what endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis

102
Q

What endocytosis is indiscriminate

A

Pinocytosis

103
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Means to endocytosis specific molecules

104
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis what causes the formation of endocytic vesicle

A

Ligand binding to the receptor

105
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis uses what type of vesicle

A

Clathrin coated

106
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis is used for both

A

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis

107
Q

LDL

A

Low density lipoproteins, bad cholestrol

More cholestrol than proteins

108
Q

HDL

A

High density lipoprotein

More protein than cholestrol

109
Q

Endosomes

A

Serve as holding dock for endocytosed molecules

110
Q

Early endosomes has a pH of what

A

~6

111
Q

Late endosomes has a pH of

A

~5.5

112
Q

Endosomes has a low pH that is maintained by

A

ATP driven H pump

113
Q

Why are endosomes have acidic environment

A

Breaks apart most receptor and ligand pairs

114
Q

Endosomes can have 3 outcomes

A

Recycled to the same location

Transcytosis (receptors recycles to a different location)

Degradation - receptors transported to lysosomes

115
Q

Lysosomes contains what that allows it to function at a low pH

A

Hydrolytic enzymes or acid hydrolases

116
Q

Acid hydrolases

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

117
Q

Lysosomes works best at what pH

A

Under 5

118
Q

Lumen of the lysosome is maintained at low pH by what

A

H+ ATPase in the membrane

119
Q

Lysomes receives materials from where

A

Phagosomes and endocytic vesicles via endosomes

But also auto phagosomes

120
Q

Autophagosomes

A

Double membrane lipid forms because of autophagy

121
Q

Autophagy

A

Involves degradation of unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components through the actions of lysosomes

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