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Cell Biology > Chapter 14 - Energy Generatioln In Mitochondria And Chloropast > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Energy Generatioln In Mitochondria And Chloropast Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the the formula for cellular respiration

A

Glucose + 6O2 ———-> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

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2
Q

In cellular respiration what has more energy

A

Reactants

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3
Q

What is oxidized in cellular respiration and two what?

A

Glucose to CO2

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4
Q

What loses electrons in cellular respiration

A

Glucose

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5
Q

What is reduced in cellular respiration and to what

A

Oxygen to water

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6
Q

What loses electrons in cellular respiration

A

Oxygen

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7
Q

In humans, majority of ATP comes from

A

Mitochondria

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8
Q

What type of reaction is cellular respiration

A

Catabolic, exergonic

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9
Q

What process is catabolic

A

Cellular respiration

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10
Q

An example of an exergonic reaction

A

Cell respiration

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11
Q

What kind of process is photosynthesis

A

Anabolic, endergonic

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12
Q

What process is anabolic

A

Photosynthesis

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13
Q

An example of an endergonic reaction

A

Photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is unique to glycolysis in relation to oxygen

A

Glycolysis can happen in the absence or presence of oxygen.

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15
Q

Aerobic respiration begins with what

A

Glycolysis

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16
Q

Glycolysis without the presence of oxygen is called what

A

Fermentation

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17
Q

During glycolysis, 1 glucose turns into what

A

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP

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18
Q

How can humans get the glucose to start cellular respiration

A

Polysaccharides; simple sugars

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19
Q

Glycolysis is what type of process, exergonic or endergonic

A

Exergonic

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20
Q

Where does glycolysis happen

A

Cytosol

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21
Q

What are the three steps of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Citric acid cycle

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22
Q

Pyruvate oxidation starts with what

A

2 pyruvate

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23
Q

Pyruvate oxidation yields with what

A

2 acetyl CoA
2 NADH
2 CO2

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24
Q

Pyruvate oxidation needs what in order to happen

A

Oxygen

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25
Q

What is another name for the citric acid cycle

A

Krebs cycle or TCA

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26
Q

What does TCA stand for

A

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

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27
Q

TCA cycle is what kind of process, exergonic or endergonic

A

Exergonic

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28
Q

TCA cycle starts with

A

2 acetyl CoA

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29
Q

What is the products of the TCA cycle

A

4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 GTP that yields 2 ATP

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30
Q

What is the stage 1 in aerobic respiration

A

Breakdown of large food molecules got simple subunits

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31
Q

What is stage 2 of aerobic respiration

A

Breakdown of simple subunits to acetyl CoA; limited amounts of ATP and NADH produced

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32
Q

What is stage 3 of aerobic respiration

A

Complete oxidation of acetyl group in acetyl CoA to water and co2; large amounts of ATP produced of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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33
Q

Proteins break down into amino acids by

A

Proteases

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34
Q

Amino acids must go through what to undergo cellular respiration

A

Deaminatioln

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35
Q

Amino acids must go through deamination to undergo cellular respiration, what is that

A

Loses NH2 group

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36
Q

Fats turn into fatty acids and glycerol by

A

Lipase

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37
Q

Where do we break down lipids

A

Small intestine

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38
Q

Fatty oxidation occurs where

A

Mitochondria matrix of eukaryotes

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39
Q

What is the purpose of fatty oxidation

A

Fatty acids, NAD+, FAD to produce acetyl CoA and NADH and FADH2

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40
Q

What is sucrose made of

A

Glucose and fructose

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41
Q

What is maltose made of

A

Glucose and glucose

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42
Q

Lactose is made up of

A

Glucose and galactose

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43
Q

Nucleases

A

DNase and RNase

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44
Q

Nucleic acids turn into nucleotides by

A

Nucleases

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45
Q

NADH stands for

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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46
Q

NADH AND FADH2, what is the importance

A

Electron carriers that delivers high energy electrons to the ETC

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47
Q

What is the reduced form for NAD+

A

NADH

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48
Q

What is the reduced form for FAD+

A

FADH2

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49
Q

FADH2 stands for

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

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50
Q

Where are the electron carriers, NADH AND FADH2 embedded

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells

Plasma membrane of bacteria

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51
Q

Proton pumps are used for

A

Harness the energy of electron transfer to pump H, creating electrochemical proton gradient

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52
Q

What is used to drive the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase

A

Proton pumps

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53
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Movement of H+ ions through ATP synthase to make chemical energy such as ATP

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54
Q

Proton pumps from the mitochondria matrix to the inner membrane space, what is true

A

Moves up their electrochemical gradient, using active transport

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55
Q

ATP Synthase

A

Transmembrane protein act as enzyme and H channel by moving H from inner membrane space to the mitochondria matrix down their concentration gradient using facilitated diffusion.

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56
Q

Chemiosmotic coupling

A

Mechanism in which gradient of protons across the membrane is used to drive ATP production

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57
Q

What is unique about mitochondria

A

Contain own DNA and ribosomes

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58
Q

What allows the position of the mitochondria to vary

A

Between cell types depending on where the majority of ATP is needed

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59
Q

In heart muscle cells, mitochondria are located close to where

A

Contractile apparatus

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60
Q

How is mitochondria related to the heart

A

ATP Hydrolysis proves the energy for contraction

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61
Q

In sperm, mitochondria are located where

A

In the tail, wrapped around portion of the motile flagellum

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62
Q

What is the 4 main structures that makes up the mitochondria

A

Matrix
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Inter membrane space

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63
Q

Mitochondria matrix pH is

A

7.9

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64
Q

Mitochondria membrane pH is

A

7.2

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65
Q

Electrons for chemiosmosis are derived from

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Fatty acid oxidation

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66
Q

Glycolysis produces what electron carrier(s)

A

2 NADH

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67
Q

Pyruvate oxidation produce what electron carrier(s)

A

2 NADH

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68
Q

Fatty acid oxidation happens where

A

Mitochondria matrix

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69
Q

Fatty acid oxidation produces what electron carrier(s)

A

Both NADH and FADH2

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70
Q

Citric acid cycle produces what electron carrier(s)

A

Both NADH AND FADH2

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71
Q

NADH and FADH2 donates electrons to where

A

ETC (inner mitochondrial membrane)

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72
Q

NADH and FADH2 becomes what after donating their electrons to ETC

A

Oxidized to NAD+ and FAD

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73
Q

Do the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 carry high or low electrons

A

High energy

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74
Q

How does proton pumps generate energy within the ETC

A

Passage of electrons along the ETC releases energy that is used

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75
Q

When pumping electrons in the ETC, which way does electrons move, and relating the the gradients

A

Moved from mitochondrial matrix to the inter membrane space up their electrochemical gradients

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76
Q

The resulting electrochemical proton gradient is used for what

A

To power ATP synthase to make ATP

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77
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the cellular respiration? What does it produce

A

Oxygen (O2), water when it receives the electrons

78
Q

Oxidation phosphorylation occurs where

A

Inner mitochondrial matrix

79
Q

Obligate anaerobes produce ATP in the absence of what? How do they do this

A

O2, by using CO2, nitrate, sulfate, or inorganic metal as final electron acceptor

80
Q

Methanogens

A

Anaerobic archae which uses CO2 as final electron acceptor reducing it to methane

81
Q

What step yields the most ATP

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

82
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation includes what

A

ETC and chemiosmosis

83
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

The chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis, which involves both the consumption of O2 and the addition of phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

84
Q

In order for substrate level phosphorylation to work, it requires

A

Kinases

85
Q

What is another way to make ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

A

Substrate phosphorylation

86
Q

Where does substrate phosphorylation occurs

A

Cytoplasm or inside mitochondrial matrix

87
Q

Substrate phosphorylation

A

Phosphate group is enzymatically transferred from phosphorylated organic substrate to ADP to make ATP

88
Q

What are three respiratory enzyme complexes

A

NADH dehydrogenase complex, cytochrome c reductase complex, and cytochrome c oxidase complex

89
Q

Electrons are passed from one respiratory complex to the next by what? What are they?

A

Mobile electron carriers

Ubiquionone and cytochrome c

90
Q

The total electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane consist of

A

A large and small force

91
Q

What is the large force due to in the ETC

A

Membrane potential (voltage gradient)

92
Q

What is the small force due to

A

H+ concentration gradient

93
Q

In the inter membrane space, what is the charge

A

Positive

94
Q

In the matrix space what is the charge

A

Negative

95
Q

ATP synthase makes more than how many molecules of ATP per sec

A

100/sec

96
Q

When protons passes through the narrow channel what happens to ATP synthase

A

Make ATP in the mitochondrial matrix

97
Q

ATPase head faces

A

Mitochondrial matrix

98
Q

F0 rotor of ATP synthase faces

A

Inner membrane space

99
Q

ATP synthase can convert the energy of the electrochemical proton gradient into what

A

Chemical bond energy or vice versa

100
Q

How can ATP synthase synthesize ATP by

A

By harnessing the H+ gradient

101
Q

How can ATP synthase hydrolyzing ATP

A

Pump protons against their electrochemical gradient ``

102
Q

ATP hydrolysis by ATP synthase is often used by what

A

Bacteria

103
Q

Electrochemical proton gradient: its voltage gradient drives what

A

The pumping of ADP in and ATP out by antiport process

104
Q

Electrochemical proton gradient: pH gradient drives the import of what

A

Pyruvate and Pi into the mitochondria matrix by symport process

105
Q

The complete oxidation of glucose generated about how many ATPs

A

30

106
Q

Inside the mitochondria matrix, 1 NADH generates how many ATPs and by how

A

2.5 ATP

By passing its electrons to all three respiratory enzyme complexes

107
Q

In cytosol, 1 NADH generates how many ATP and how

A

1.5 ATPs because transport of NADH across the inner membrane requires energy

108
Q

Inside the mitochondrial matrix, 1 FADH2 generates how many ATP and by how

A

1.5 ATPs

By passing electrons to the 2nd and 3rd complexes

109
Q

Prokaryotes or eukaryotes produce more ATP and why

A

Prokaryotes because they lack mitochondria. They don’t need to use ATP to transport from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria

110
Q

How many molecules does prokaryotes make.

A

32 ATP molecules

111
Q

What donates high energy electrons

A

NADH/NAD+

112
Q

What electron carrier has a low affinity for electrons

A

NADH/NAD+

113
Q

What accepts low energy electrons

A

Oxygen/H2O

114
Q

What has an high affinity for electrons

A

O2

115
Q

Ubiquinone

A

Small hydrophobic non protein molecule in the membrane, which accepts both H+ (protons) and electrons

116
Q

Ubiquinone picks up electrons indirectly from where? Directly from? Where are the electrons transported after

A

NADH dehydrogenase indirectly

FADH2 directly

Cytochrome C reductase complex

117
Q

Flavin does what with electrons

A

Accept and transfer electrons

118
Q

Flavin receives electrons from ______ while iron sulfur center donates them to ________

A

NADH, ubiquinone

119
Q

Cytochromes

A

Proteins with one or more heme groups

120
Q

Each cytochromes heme group contains what? Why is this important

A

Iron atoms, this is important because that is what electrons bind to

121
Q

What is true about cytochromes electron affinity

A

It is higher than any other electron carriers

122
Q

Cytochromes does what with electrons

A

Accepts and donates

123
Q

Cytochrome C Oxidase complex

A

Proteins complex that receives electrons from cytochrome c and donates them to O2

124
Q

What happens with cytochrome c oxidase complex when it pumps

A

4 electrons pass through the proteins to its bound O2 molecules, causing it to pump four protons across the membrane

125
Q

NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase complex is driven through what

A

3 conformations: A, B, and C

126
Q

Confirmation A and B has what? What does this mean

A

High affinity for protons meaning it picks up protons from the mitochondria

127
Q

Conformation C has what? What’s does this mean

A

Has low affinity for protons causing it to release H+ into the inter membrane space

128
Q

Mitochondria is capable of what

A

Fission and fussion

129
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Process of making ATP in absence of oxgyen

130
Q

Where does lactic acid fermentation happen at

A

Happens in cytosol

131
Q

What type of cells does lactic acid happen in

A

Skeletal muscle cells

132
Q

What is the final electron acceptor

A

Pyruvate

133
Q

Ethanol fermentation occurs where

A

Cytoplasm of the yeast

134
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in ethanol fermentation

A

Acetaldehyde

135
Q

In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced or oxidized? And to what?

A

Reduced, lactose

136
Q

In ethanol fermentation, acetaldehyde is reduced or oxidized? To what?

A

Reduced to ethanol

137
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Produce ATP in the absence or presence of O2

138
Q

What types of cells are facultative anaerobes

A

Skeletal muscle cells

Also yeast

139
Q

Majority of our cells are what kind of cells?

A

Obligate aerobes

140
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Produce ATP only when O2 is present

141
Q

Cellular respiration is what kind of reaction

A

Catabolic, exergonic

142
Q

Photosynthesis is what type of reaction

A

Anabolic, endergonic

143
Q

Photosynthesis happens where

A

In chloroplast

144
Q

Thylakoids are surrounded by

A

Thylakoids membranes

145
Q

Stage 1 of photosynthesis - light reactions happens where? What is needed for this reaction to happen

A

Thylakoids membrane, sunlight

146
Q

Stage 2 of photosynthesis - light independent (Calvin cycle) happens where

A

Outside of thylakoids, in stroma

147
Q

Calvin cycle needs sunlight?

A

No

148
Q

Why does light reaction require sunlight

A

Energy from the sunlight excites electrons, which are then donated to ETC in the thylakoid membrane

149
Q

Light reaction in what kind of process

A

Exergonic

150
Q

How are electrons replenished in light reaction

A

Oxidation of water to O2

151
Q

In light reactions, ATP is produced by

A

Chemiosmosis

152
Q

What electron carrier is made in light reactions

A

NADPH

153
Q

In light dependent reactions or carbon fixation reactions, how do plants synthesize sugars from CO2

A

Use ATP and NADPH

154
Q

What is a direct product of carbon fixation reaction

A

G3P, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

155
Q

Light energy is captured by what

A

Photosystems

156
Q

Photosystems

A

Chlorophyll molecules held in large multi proteins complexes

157
Q

Where are photosystems found

A

Thylakoid membrane

158
Q

Do chlorophyll molecules donate electrons

A

No

159
Q

Do chlorophyll special pair donate electrons

A

Yes

160
Q

Where can ETC be found?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast

161
Q

Where does chemiosmosis happen

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast

162
Q

Both photosystems does what

A

Capture light energy that excites electrons

163
Q

Photosystem II does what

A

Uses energy from electrons to make ATP

164
Q

What is the pH of the stroma

A

8

165
Q

What is the pH of thylakoid membrane

A

6

166
Q

H+ concentration is higher where

A

In the thylakoid membrane

167
Q

What is the mobile electron carrier in plants that passes from photosystem II to Cytochrome b6-f complex

A

Plastoquionone

168
Q

Describe ATP synthase that is found in plants

A

Proton channel that moves H ion from thylakoid space to the stroma,

169
Q

In ATP synthase in plants, H ions move

A

Down their concentration gradient using facilitated diffusion

170
Q

Cytochrome B6-f

A

Proton pump that pumps H ions from stroma to the thylakoid space up their electrochemical gradient using active transport

171
Q

Photosystem I

A

Uses energy from electrons to make NADPH from NADP+

172
Q

How many mobile carriers in photosynthesis

A

3

173
Q

Ferredoxin (Fd)

A

Protein with iron sulfur center

174
Q

What is true about electrons carried by Fd

A

Have more energy carried by Q, which is more energy carried by PC

175
Q

What enzyme does photosystem II have

A

Water splitting enzyme

176
Q

Water splitting enzyme

A

In Photosystems II, that catalyzes the extraction of electrons from water

177
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in light reactions of photosynthesis

A

NADP+

178
Q

Which electrons are donated? Why?

A

High energy electrons because they are unstable

179
Q

Plastocyanin

A

Copper base protein

180
Q

What are the three steps to the light independent reactions

A

Carbon fixation
Sugar formation
Regeneration of Ribulose

181
Q

What is needed for the Calvin cycle to happen

A

Rubisco

182
Q

Where is rubisco found

A

In stroma

183
Q

Carbon fixation

A

Happens in light independent reactions

184
Q

C3 pathway is another name for

A

Calvin cycle

185
Q

In order for Calvin cycle to make 1 mol of glucose, what is needed?

A
  • 6 CO2
  • 18 ATP
  • 12 NADPH
186
Q

What makes plants different than animal, what can they carry out?

A

Plants can carry out both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

187
Q

What do Both plants and animal cells have that makes ATP, what organelles

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast

188
Q

_____ make glycogen, _____ make starches

A

Animal, plant

189
Q

photoautotrophs

A

Requires light to make their own food

190
Q

What type of organisms carry out cellular respiration

A

Photoautotrophs and heterotrophs

191
Q

What organism carry out only photosynthesis

A

Photoautotrophs

192
Q

Dark reactions is what type of process

A

Endergonic

Cell Biology (9 decks)

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