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Cell Biology > Chapter 12 - Transport Across Cell Membranes > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Transport Across Cell Membranes Flashcards

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1
Q

Transport proteins

A

Allow many water soluble molecules to move across hydrophobic region of cells membranes

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2
Q

Protein free artificial lipid bilayer

A

Impermeable to most water soluble molecules except for water

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3
Q

Why are proteins negatively charged

A

Due to carboxyl group

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4
Q

Sodium concentration is higher where

A

Outside the cell than inside

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5
Q

Potassium concentration is higher where

A

Inside than outside

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6
Q

Sodium is balanced by what

A

Chlorine

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7
Q

Potassium is balanced how

A

Variety of negatively charged ions and molecules

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8
Q

Transporter aka

A

Carrier

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9
Q

Transporter

A

Membrane protein that undergoes series of conformational changes to transfer small hydrophilic solutes across the liquid bilayer

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10
Q

Channel

A

Hydrophilic pore across the lipid bilayer through which specific inorganic ions or polar organic molecules can diffuse

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11
Q

Channels discriminates by

A

Size and electrical charge

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12
Q

Transfers molecules at much greater rate than transporter

A

Channels

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13
Q

Ion channel can exist either in _____ or ________ conformation, but it transports only in the _______ conformation

A

Open , closed

Open

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14
Q

Transporters carry out _______________ while channels carry out ___________

A

Passive and active transporters

Passive transport

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15
Q

Passive transport allows solutes moves

A

Down their concentration gradient

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16
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Gases and hormones

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17
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Sugars and inorganic ions

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18
Q

Facilitated diffusion consist of

A

Transporters and channels

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19
Q

Active transport

A

Allows solutes to move up or against concentration gradients from regions of their lower to higher concentration gradient…requires energy

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20
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water

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21
Q

Osmosis moves

A

Down their concentration gradient

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22
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Has the same concentration of solutes as the cell

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23
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Has much lower concentration of solutes than the cell

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24
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Has much higher concentration of solutes than the cell

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25
Q

Plastmolhysis

A

Plasma membrane pulls ways from cell wall

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26
Q

Turgid

A

Swollen

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27
Q

Plants love what type of solution

A

Hypotonic solution

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28
Q

Contractile vacuole does what

A

Removes excess water

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29
Q

Where is contractile vacuole only found where

A

In protist

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30
Q

Central vacuole found where

A

Plants

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31
Q

Aquaporins

A

Accelerate the movement of water molecules they are water molecules, they are water channels

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32
Q

Lysosome membrane contains what and does what

A

H+ transporter; acidified the lysosome interior

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33
Q

Innner mitochondrial membrane contains what

A

Transporters for important pyruvate and exporting ATP

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34
Q

Glucose transporter

A

Mediates passive transport of glucose into liver cells

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35
Q

What happens after a carb rich meal

A

Beta cells of pancreas, secret insulin that cause liver cells to convert excess glucose to glycogen

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36
Q

What happens when we are fasting of exercising

A

Our cells of pancreas secreate glucagon that causes liver cells to break down glycogen to glucose

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37
Q

Cells drive active transport in 3 mains ways

A

Gradient driven pump

ATP driven pump

Light driven pump

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38
Q

ATP driven pump: Na/K pump plays key role in what type of cells

A

Animal

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39
Q

Na/K uses energy of what to pump Na+ out of the cell and K+ in, both agains their electrochemical gradients

A

ATP hydrolysis

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40
Q

Na/K pump transports what

A

3 Na out

2 K in

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41
Q

Na/K+ is not only the transporter but what else

A

Enzyzme

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42
Q

SR stands for

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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43
Q

Where can you find SR

A

In skeletal muscles cells

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44
Q

When skeletal muscles are stimulated Ca+ ions move where and how is it able to move?

A

From lumen of SR to cytosol

Because of Ca2+ release channel down their electron gradient

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45
Q

When muscles contract which way does their electron gradient move and by which transport

A

Down their electron gradient by passive transport (facilitated diffusion)

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46
Q

What happens when muscles relax

A

Calcium move from the cytosol to the lumen of SR through calcium ion pump

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47
Q

When the muscles relaxes the calcium move how …their gradient

And using what transport

A

Up their electrochemical gradient using active transport

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48
Q

What is the purpose of the calcium pump

A

Returns the calcium to the SR in the skeletal muscle cells

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49
Q

What does the calcium pump need in order to work

A

ATP

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50
Q

What type of pump is Calcium pump

A

ATPase

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51
Q

How is the calcium pump similar to Na/K pump

A

Calcium and sodium/k pump requires atp and is an ATPase

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52
Q

How are calcium pump different from Na/K pump

A

No binding or transporting of second ion

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53
Q

Gradient driven pumps can act as

A

Symports or antiports that carries 2 solutes

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54
Q

Symports

A

When transporters move both solutes in the same direction across the membrane

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55
Q

Antiport

A

When transporter moves both solutes in the opposite directions across the membrane

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56
Q

Uniport

A

Only one type of solute is transferred across the membrane

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57
Q

Uniport are not what? And why

A

They are not pumps because pumps require energy. Uniports don’t requires energy and moves down their concentration gradient

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58
Q

Glucose transporters

A

Enable gut epithelial cells to transfer glucose across the gut lining

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59
Q

At the apical surface how is glucose is actively transported how into the cell

A

Glucose-Na+ symport

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60
Q

At the basal and lateral surface, how is glucose moved

A

By passive glucose uniports, they release down its concentration gradient

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61
Q

Glucose concentration is higher where

A

Gut epithelial cells

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62
Q

How does glucose enter the gut epithelial cells

How does glucose leave

A

Actively through sodium symport

Leaves passively via glucose uniport

63
Q

How does sodium enter the gut epithelial

How does sodium leave the cell

A

Sodium enters by passively via glucose/na symport

Leaves by actively via Na/K pump to actively via Na/K pump

64
Q

The H pump aka

A

H+ ATPase

65
Q

The electrochemical gradient of H+ in the plants, fungi, and bacteria serves similar function as to what in animals

A

Electrochemical gradient of Na+ in animals

66
Q

What is the correlation with lysosomes and hydrogen

A

Lysosomes has a higher concentration inside then inside the cytosol

67
Q

The H pump in plant cells are what

A

ATP driven pumps

68
Q

Why is H pumps important for animal and plant cells

A

They keep internal ph of lysosomes (in animals and plants) and vacuoles (in plants) acidic

69
Q

What surrounds the central vacuole

A

Tonoplast

70
Q

What are the gradient driven pumps

A

Na+/glucose pump

71
Q

What are ATP driven pumps

A

Sodium
Calcium
Hydrogen

72
Q

What is the type of light driven pumps

A

Bacteriorhodopsin

73
Q

Where is Na/glucose pump (symport) located

A

Apical plasma membrane of kidney and intestinal cells

74
Q

What is the function of na/glucose pump (symport)

A

Active import of glucose

75
Q

What is the energy source of na/glucose pump

A

Sodium gradient

76
Q

Sodium and hydrogen exchanger is located where

A

Plasma membrane of animal cells

77
Q

Sodium hydrogen exchanger energy source is what

A

Sodium gradient

78
Q

Sodium hydrogen exchanger function

A

Active export of hydrogen ions, pH regulation

79
Q

Sodium pump location

A

Plasma membrane of mostly animal cells

80
Q

Energy source of sodium pump

A

ATP hydrolysis

81
Q

What is the function of sodium pump

A

Active export of Na and import of K

82
Q

Calcium pump is located where

A

Plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells

And sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane of muscle cells and Er membrane of most animal cells

83
Q

Calcium pump gets its energy source from

A

ATP hydrolysis

84
Q

What is the function of calcium pump

A

Active export of calcium

Active import of calcium into SR OR ER

85
Q

H pumps are located where

A

Plasma membrane of plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria

Membranes of lysosomes in animal cells and vacuoles in plant and fungal cells

86
Q

Energy source of H pumps

A

ATP hydrolysis

87
Q

Function of H pumps

A

Active export of Hydrogen

Active export of hydrogen from cytosol into lysosome or vacuole

88
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin location

A

Plasma membrane of bacteria

89
Q

Energy source of bacteriorhodopsin

A

Light

90
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin function

A

Active export of hydrogen

91
Q

Bacterial K Channel is unique because

A

It shows ion selectivity

92
Q

Bacterial k channel depends on

A

Diameter and shape of the ion channel, and on the distribution of the charged amino acids that line it

93
Q

Concentration of K is higher where in bacteria cells

A

Higher inside the cell

94
Q

What ions are able to pass through bacterial k channel

A

Only ions of appropriate size and charge

95
Q

How are the ions pass through the bacterial k channel

A

Each ion is surrounded by a shell of water molecules, most of which must be shed for the ions to pass through

96
Q

Most ion channels are what

A

Gated

97
Q

What is gated mean, relative to channels

A

Switch between open and closed conformations

98
Q

How does membrane potential occur

A

Due to uneven distribution of positive and negative charges across the membrane

99
Q

The K leak channels play a major role in

A

Generating the rest membrane potential across the plasma membrane

100
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Voltage or charge difference across plasma membrane addressed

101
Q

Leak

A

Means open all the time

102
Q

Plasma membrane is more permeable to what

A

K ions than Na ions

103
Q

The purpose of patch clamp recording

A

Used to observe the behavior of single ion channel

104
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The membrane of the muscle cell

105
Q

Sarcolemma contains what and why is that important

A

Single ion channel protein that is to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

106
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical transmitters released mainly by nerve cells

107
Q

What causes Ion channel to open

A

To allow passage of positive ions when acetylcholine binds to it

108
Q

What happens to ion channels without acetylcholine

A

Ion channels spends most of its time in closed conformation

109
Q

Even though acetylcholine is bound to the channel what is a possibility

A

The channel doesn’t remain open all the time

110
Q

What are the four gated ion channels

A

Voltage gated
Ligand-gated (extracellular ligand)
Lingand-gated (intracellular ligand)
Mechanically gated

111
Q

Voltage gated channel

A

Opens in response to a change in the membrane potential across the membrane

112
Q

Ligand gated channel (extracellular ligand)

A

Open in response to a binding of a chemical ligand (neurotransmitter) to the channel protein

113
Q

Mechanically gated channel

A

Opens in response to mechanical stress

114
Q

Cochlea

A

The auditory portion of the mammalian inner ear

115
Q

Corti hair cells are embedded where

Which is between where

A

Sheet of supporting cells, between the basilar and tectorial membranes (sheets of ECM)

116
Q

Sterereocilia

A

Hair cell that spiky extensions

117
Q

What channels allows us to hear

A

Stress gated ion channels

118
Q

Why are sound vibrations important for us to hear

A

They cause the basilar membrane to vibrate up and down, causing stereocilia to tilt

119
Q

How are stereocilia connected to one another

A

Linking filaments

120
Q

When stereocilia tilt, what happens to the filaments and by that action what happens to the mechanically gated ion

A

Filaments stretch, pulling open the channel

121
Q

Positively charged ions enter what and does what to the auditory nerves

A

Enter the stereocilia and activate the hair cells, which stimulate auditory nerves to convey signal

122
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells

123
Q

What is the basic structure of a neuron

A

Cell body
Dentrites
Axon
Terminal branches of axon

124
Q

Cell body in a neuron contains

A

The nucleus

125
Q

Dendrites

A

Short cytoplasmic extension that receives signals from the axon of other neurons

126
Q

Axon

A

A single, long extension that conducts signals away from the cell body

127
Q

Terminal branches

A

Pass the neurons message simultaneously to many target cells; other neurons, muscle, or gland cells and endothelial cells

128
Q

Action potential aka

A

Nerve impulse

129
Q

Action potential can carry what

A

A message without the signal weakening

130
Q

Action potential results from

A

Rapid change in the membrane potential that is caused by local stimulus

131
Q

What happens when there is an action potential with the channels

A

Chemically gated Na channels (ligand gated) open temporally and causes depolarization of the plasma membrane at that particular spot

132
Q

Depolarization

A

Shift in the membrane potential to less negative value

133
Q

When there is an action potential why is depolarization a less negative value

A

Due to the rush of Na into the cell

134
Q

Depolarization stimulates what and leads further to what

A

Voltage gated Na channels leading to depolarization

135
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron

A

-60mV

136
Q

What is the threshold value for action potential

A

-40mV

137
Q

The voltage gated Na+ channels can adapt at least to how many conformations and what are they

A

3; open, closed and inactivated

138
Q

A rest the membrane is what

A

Is polarized

139
Q

How is it that after action potential, the plasma membrane returns to resting potential

A

Voltage gated Na channels automatically switch to inactivate state

Voltage gated K channels open allowing k to move out of the cell

140
Q

Synapse

A

The site of contact between neuron (presynaptic cell)and its target (postsynaptic cell)

141
Q

synaptic cleft

A

Small space between neurons at a nerve synapse

142
Q

What is unique about chemical signals vs electrical signals when it comes to the synaptic cleft

A

Electrical signals can not jump across the synaptic cleft but chemical signals (neurotransmitters can))

143
Q

Neurotransmitters are what

A

Chemical signals

144
Q

Neurotransmitters/ chemical signals are stored where

A

Synaptic vesicles

145
Q

What are the most common neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and glycine

146
Q

Epinephrine is also known as

A

Adrenaline

147
Q

The acetylcholine receptor is what type

A

Transmitter gated ion channel

148
Q

Where can acetylcholine receptor be found

A

In the plasma membrane of muscle cells

149
Q

The acetylcholine receptor is made up of what

A

5 protein subunits

150
Q

The acetylcholine receptors protein subunits for what? To ensure what?

A

Aqueous pore whose negatively charged amino acids ensure that only positively charged ions can pass

151
Q

What happens when the acetylcholine binds to the channel

A

Causes conformational change in which these side chains move apart and the gate open, allowing Na to flow through he membrane, causing it to become depolarize

152
Q

Example of excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

153
Q

Example of Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Glycine

Cell Biology (9 decks)

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